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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A
  • Consists of 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • the bladder
  • the urethra
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2
Q

Kidneys

A
  • formation of urine
  • To excrete waste products
  • To regulate volume, electrolytes, & pH of blood & tissue fluid
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3
Q

Renal fascia

A

fibrous connective tissue membrane covering kidneys

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4
Q

Kidney location

A
  • Upper abdominal cavity; retroperitoneal on either side of the vertebral column
  • Upper portion rest on the lower surface of the diaphragm
  • Enclosed & protected by the lower rib cage
  • Embedded in adipose tissue – protective cushion
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5
Q

Medulla (pyramids)

A

Inner tissue layer made up of loops of Henle & collecting tubules

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6
Q

Cortex

A

Outer tissue layer is made of renal corpuscles & convoluted tubles

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7
Q

what collects urine

A

calyces at the hilus

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8
Q

Renal pelvis

A

a cavity formed by the expansion of the ureter within the kidney at the hilus
funnel shaped extensions (calyces) enclose the papillae of the renal pyramids

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9
Q

urine flows from the ______
to ______
to the ______
out into the ______

A

pyramids
calyces
pelvis
ureter

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10
Q

Each kidney contains about 1 million

A

nephrons

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11
Q

Nephrons

A

Functional unit of the kidney- consists of

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12
Q

Renal corpuscle

A
  • Glomerulus

- Bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

Glomerulus

A

capillary network that arises from the afferent arteriole & empties into the efferent arteriole

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14
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A
  • encloses the glomerulus
  • expanded end of the renal tubule
  • inner layer made of podocytes, very permeable, outer layer not permeable
  • space between the layers contains renal filtrate which comes from the blood & will become urine
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15
Q

Renal tubule

A
  • consists of proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule & collecting tubule
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16
Q

Distal convoluted tubule & collecting tubule

A
  • collecting tubules unite to form papillary ducts

- empty urine into the calyces of the renal pelvis)

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17
Q

Two sets of ____ provide for two ____ of exchanges

A

capillaries

sites

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18
Q

Two sets of capillaries provide for two sites of exchanges between

A

the blood & tissues in the process of urine formation

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19
Q

BLADDER

A
  • Muscular sac below the peritoneum
  • Mucosa
  • Trigone
  • Detrusor muscle
  • Internal urethral sphincter
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20
Q

Bladder location

A
  • behind the pubic bone

- in women below the uterus; in men above the prostrate gland

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21
Q

Mucosa

A
  • transitional epithelial tissue folded into

- Reservoir - can hold 800mls + of urine

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22
Q

Trigone

A
  • triangular area on the bladder floor
  • bounded by opening of the ureters & urethra
  • does not expand
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23
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

smooth muscle layer, spherical

24
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

involuntary

surrounds the opening to the urethra

25
Q

URETERS

A
  • 2 ureters
  • Extend from the hilus of the kidney to the lower posterior side of the bladder

Peristalsis of the smooth muscle layer propels the urine toward the bladder

26
Q

_____ of the smooth muscle layer ____ the urine toward the ____

A

Peristalsis
propels
bladder

27
Q

URETHRA

A
  • Takes urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body; urinary meatus
  • Has the external urethral sphincter
28
Q

Female urethra

A
  • approximately 1-1.5 inches long

- anterior to the vagina

29
Q

Male urethra

A
  • 7-8 inches long

- passes through the prostrate gland & penis

30
Q

FORMATION of URINE

A
  • Glomerular filtration

- Tubular reabsorption

31
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

takes place from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

32
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

takes place from the filtrate in the renal tubule to the blood in the peritubular capillaries; ( 99% is reabsorbed, 1% becomes urine)

33
Q

REABSORPTION

A
  • 4 processes that occur in the proximal convoluted tubule (microvilli)
  • Active transport
  • Passive transport
  • Osmosis
  • Pinocytosis
34
Q

Active transport

A

reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, vitamins & +ions

35
Q

Passive transport

A
  • (-) ions follow the (+) ion
36
Q

Osmosis

A

H2O, minerals & sodium ions

37
Q

Pinocytosis

A

small proteins are reabsorbed

engulfed by the membrane of the convoluted tubule

38
Q

Tubular secretion

A

takes place from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the filtrate in the renal tubule

39
Q

Hormones that affect reabsorption

A

are aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, antidiuretic hormone & parthyroid hormone

40
Q

URINE ELIMINATION

A
  • Ureters
  • Peristalsis of smooth muscle layer propels urine toward bladder
  • Bladder
41
Q

Bladder in urine elimination

A
  • the smooth muscle layer (Detrusor muscle) in the wall contracts
  • the internal urethral sphincter relaxes
  • the external urethral sphincter is voluntarily relaxed & the bladder is emptied
42
Q

URINATION REFLEX

A
  • Stimulus
  • Sensory impulses to the spinal cord
  • Motor impulses
  • Internal urethral sphincter
  • External urethral sphincter
43
Q

Stimulus

A

-stretching of the Detrusor by accumulating urine, (200-400 mls)

44
Q

Motor impulses

A

return to the detrusor muscle, which contracts

45
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

relaxes

46
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

provides voluntary control

47
Q

Amount of urine

A

1-2 liters/24hours

48
Q

Colour of urine

A

straw/amber

clear/cloudy

49
Q

Constituents of urine

A

urine is approx 95% water

50
Q

pH of urine

A

4.6-8.0

51
Q

Specific gravity of urine

A

1.010-1.025

52
Q

Nitrogenous waste of urine

A

waste products

53
Q

Other functions of the kidneys

A
  • Acid-base balance
  • Secretion of renin
  • Secretion of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia
  • Activation of vitamin D
54
Q

Acid-base balance

A
  • if the body fluids are too acidic

- If body fluids are too alkaline

55
Q

If the body fluids are too acidic

A
  • the kidneys excrete H+ions
  • return HCO3-ions to the blood
  • the pH is raised back to normal
56
Q

If body fluids are too alkaline

A
  • kidneys return H+ions to the blood

- excrete HCO3-ions

57
Q

EFFECTS of AGING

A
  • The # of nephrons in the kidney decrease (half the original number by the age of 70-80 yrs
  • Kidneys lose some of their concentrating ability
  • GFR decreases
  • Bladder decreases in size
  • Increased risk of infection

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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