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Histology Unit 3 > Digestive System II > Flashcards

Digestive System II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the esophagus and GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosal Surface - faces lumen
  2. Submucosa
  3. Mascularies Externa - no less than 2 layers of musculature, usually smooth muscle
  4. Serosa/Advensitia - serosa free, adventitia - anchors to other structures
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2
Q

What tissue type is the adventitia made of?

A

DCT

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3
Q

What tissue type is the mucosa made of? What does it contain?

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae

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4
Q

What is tissue type is the submucosa made of? In some locations they may contain what two accessories?

A

DCT

In some locations may contain glands or lymphatic nodule

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5
Q

What two layers compose the Muscularies externa?

A

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer

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6
Q

What does the muscularis externa do?

A

Allows for peristalsis

Pushes the food down the GI tract

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7
Q

What tissue type is in the serosa? What is its function?

A 
Mesothelial lining (simple squamous epithelium)
Created slick surface
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8
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelial Lining
  2. Lamina Propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae
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9
Q

What are contianed in the lamina propria?

A

Glands

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10
Q

What is contained in the submucosa?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus / Meissner’s Nerve Plexus

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11
Q

What two locations contain a submucosa?

A
  1. Esophagus

2. Duodenum

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12
Q

What is contianed int he muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric Nerve Plexus

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13
Q

What are the purposes of the two layers in the muscularis externa?

A

Inner Layer - circular: compress digestive materials

Outer Layer - longitudinal: corkscrew movement to push digestive materials along

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14
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

Delivers food from pharynx to stomach

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15
Q

What is an identifying feature of the esophagus? What is its purpose?

A

The shape of the lumen, without food it collapses

Allows it to expand and contract as needed

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16
Q

Is there little or high amounts of regeneration of the epithelium of the esophogus?

A

There is constant regeneration of the epithelium

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17
Q

Is the muscularis mucosae thin or thick in the esophogus? What does this aid in?

A

The longitudinal smooth muscle in the proximal esophagus is thick
Aids in swallowing

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18
Q

What does the submucosa of the esophogus contain?

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

Esophageal glands proper

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19
Q

How does the musculares externa of the esophagus change as you move down it?

A

Proximal 1/3 is skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 is a combination of skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

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20
Q

Does the esophagus have adventitia or serosa?

A

Converts from adventitia to serosa upon entering the abdominal cavity

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21
Q

What do you see at the esophagus-stomach junction?

A

Transitions from stratified squamous to simple columnar
See the presence of pits
Thickening of musculature

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22
Q

What is the function of sphincters in the esophagus-stomach junction?

A

Control movement from one region to the next

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23
Q

Does the stomach perform endocrine or exocrine functions?

A

Mixed exocrine-endocrine organ

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24
Q

How does the stomach act as an endocrine system?

A

Releases digestive enzymes

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25
Q

How does the stomach act as an exocrine system?

A

DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system): enteroendocrine
Release of ghrelin signals hunger
Release of gastric amylase, pepsinogen from chyme

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26
Q

What are the 4 parts of digestion?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Triglycerides
  4. Forms Chyme
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27
Q

What are the 4 anatomical regions of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia: small, runs continuously
  2. Fundus: below cardia
  3. Body: bulk
  4. Pylorus: right before duodenum
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28
Q

Does the body of the stomach exist according to histologists?

A

No, the body and the fundus are made of the same tissue

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29
Q

What are rugae? Where are they located? What is their function?

A

Rugae are places where the submucosa juts upwards creating permanent longitudinal folds
Found in the stomach
Allows the stomach to expand with eating

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30
Q

When are Rugae most promienet?

A

When the stomach is empty

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31
Q

Where is the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

Narrow circular band surrounding the esophageal orifice

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32
Q

What is the function of the cardiac glands? Where are they found? Are there many pariental cells?

A

Found in the cardiac region of the stomach
Produce mucus and lysozyme
Few parietal cells

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33
Q

What is the function of gastric pits? What type of cells are they lined with? Where are they located?

A

Gastric pits are filled with musin and make insoluble mucus that goes over the entire surface of the stomach so it doesn’t get eaten away
Lined with surface mucous cell - give it a clear appearance
Begin at esophagogastric junction

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34
Q

What is the location of gastric (fundic) glands?

A

Fundus Stomach (bulk)

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35
Q

What are the three portions of the gastric (fundic) glands?

A
  1. Isthmus
  2. Neck
  3. Fundus
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36
Q

What type of cells are found in the isthmus region of gastric (fundic) glands?

A

Stem cells

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37
Q

What type of cells are found in the neck region of gastric (fundic) glands? (2)

A

Parietal Cells

Mucous Neck Cells

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38
Q

What type of cells are found in the fundus region of gastric (fundic) glands? (2)

A

Chief Cells

Enteroendocrine cells

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39
Q

What is the function of the mucous neck cells in the neck region of gastric (fundic) glands?

A

Make soluble mucus to solubilize chyme

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40
Q

What is the function of the parietal cells int he neck segments of the gastric (fundic glands)? What do they look like?

A

Make HCl and Intrinsic Factor

Big, pink, rounded or pyramidal in shape

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41
Q

What cells type is the most numerous in upper and middle neck regions of gastric (fundic) glands?

A

Parietal Cells

42
Q

What happens when tubulovesicles decrease?

A

Microvilli increase in an actively-secreting cells

43
Q

What does intrinsic factor fo?

A

Captures vitamin B12 and protects it until it can be absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine

44
Q

Where are chief cells located? What do they look like?

A

Located in deeper part of gastric (fundic) glands, granular appearance
Basophilic cytoplasm with eosinophilic apices

45
Q

What do chief cells secrete? What does it do?

A

Secrete pepsinogen > enters into acidic environment and becomes activated
Secrete lipase > breaks down lipids

46
Q

Where are enteroendocrine cells located? What do they look like?

A

Enriched in fundus of gastric (fundus) glands
Clear cytoplasm
Closed = attached to basal domian but doesn’t extend to apocrine
Open = attached to basal domain, extends to apocrine, has microvilli

47
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

Closed - respond to neuronal stimulation
Open - Samples what is in the stomach (taste receptors), released gastrin (+ other hormones), responds to the immediate environment

48
Q

What does the pylorus section of the stomach contain? (2)

A

Deep gastric pits

Pyloric glands

49
Q

What do pyloric glands look like?

A

Longer pits with short coiled secretory part near muscularis mucosae
Glands curve
clear appearance because of surface mucosal cells

50
Q

What is the function of pyloric glands? Are they abundant?

A

Secrete mucus and lysozymes

Is not as abundant as other pits

51
Q

What 3 functions does the small intestine perform?

A
  1. Terminal Food Digestion
  2. Nutrient Absorption
  3. Endocrine Secretion
52
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
53
Q

In what region of the small intestine does terminal food digestion mainly occur?

A

Duodenum

54
Q

Why is the small intestine lines with tall columnar cells with microvilli?

A

Increased absorption and secretion

55
Q

What is the plicae circularis? Where are they located? What is their function?

A

Folds in the small intestine
Analogous to the rugae in the stomach
Increase SA > increased absorption and secretion

56
Q

What does the mucosa of the small intestine contain?

A

Epithelieum
Lamina Propria that extended into villi
Muscularis Mucosae

57
Q

What does the submucosa of the small intestine contain? (2)

A
  1. Duodenal Glands / Brunner’s Glands

2. Peyer’s Patches (aka M cells)

58
Q

What do duodenal/brunner’s glands of the small intestine produce? What is its function?

A

Make alkaline mucus that neutralizes the chyme from the stomach

59
Q

What section of the small intestine has peyer’s patches?

A

The ilium

60
Q

Does the small intestine have a serosa or adventitia?

A

Serosa

61
Q

Absorption in the submucosa and mucosa is increased by what 3 structures?

A
  1. Plicae Ciculares - submucosa juts inward to create folds
  2. Villi - epithelium pushes out
  3. Microvilli - on all cells
62
Q

In what 2 sections of the small intestine are plicae circulares folds most numerous?

A
  1. Distal duodenum

2. Proximal jejunum

63
Q

What is the core of the villi in the small intestine? How do they differ in appearance in the ileum and duodenum?

A

Core of lamina propria
Leaf-like in the ileum
finger-like in the duodenum

64
Q

How does the number of goblet cells change from the small intestine to the colon and rectum?

A

Increase the number of goblet cells as you move from the small intestine to the colon and rectum

65
Q

Why do villi of the small intestine have an empty center?

A

Filled with lacteal which binds lymphatic vessel and catches lipids?

66
Q

Where are the intestinal glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn) located?

A

Extend from the muscularis mucosae to the luminal surface of the villi and are surrounded by lamina propria

67
Q

What are the 5 accessory cells found in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A
  1. Enterocytes
  2. Goblet
  3. Paneth
  4. Enteroendocrine
  5. M cells
68
Q

What is the function of enterocytes? What tissue type are they?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cell
Absorption
Secretion of digestive enzymes

69
Q

What is the function of goblet cells? Where are they located?

A

Secrete mucin

Increase as you move toward the ileum

70
Q

What is the function of paneth cells? What doe they look like?

A

Release antimicrobial peptides for bacterial defense

Eosinophilic granules with basophilic cytoplasm, look like a flower low key

71
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells? What system are they a part of?

A

Make and release paracrine and endocrine horomones

Part of the DNES (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) (DNES is also in the stomach)

72
Q

What is the function of M (microfold) cells? Is it unique to the small intestine? What is another name?

A

Aggregation of immune cells creates a small barrier over enlarged lymphatic nodules
Unique to the small intestine
AKA Peyer’s Patch

73
Q

What does the lymphatic nodule under the M-cells do?

A

Surveillance of the lumen for the immune system

74
Q

What are microvilli anchored into?

A

Terminal Web

75
Q

What function does the microvilli perform?

A

Active transport to bring nutrients into the cell

Secrete out digestive enzymes

76
Q

What type of cell in the small intestine has microvilli?

A

Enterocytes

77
Q

What are the two states enteroendocrine cells can have in the small intestine?

A

Closed and open
Activation of taste receptors when open
Similar to cells in the stomach

78
Q

What specific hormones do Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine release? What are their functions? (2)

A

CCK - acts on gallbladder and pancreas

Secretin - acts on pancreas

79
Q

Where are paneth cells located?

A

the base of intestinal glands of the small intestine

80
Q

What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Water absorption
  2. Vitamin absorption
  3. Feces storage
81
Q

What are the 3 anatomical sections of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
82
Q

What is included in the cecum of the large intestine?

A

Veriform appendix (which is before the cecum)

83
Q

What is included in the colon of the large intestine? (4)

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Transverse
  3. Descending
  4. Sigmoid
84
Q

What are Teniae Coli? What is their function? Where are they located?

A

Thicked bands of the outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa
Penetrate the inner circular layer to create pouches = huastra coli
In the large intestine

85
Q

What are haustra coli? What is their function? Where are they located?

A

Haustra Coli are sacculations of the colon caused by teniae coli
In the large intestine
Allow for independent contractions

86
Q

What type of accessory cells are in intestinal glands of the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar
Goblet cells
Absorptive Cells

87
Q

What cells do the intestinal glands of the large intestine lack?

A

No paneth cells

88
Q

What accessory cells are in the lamina propria of the large intestine?

A

Lymphocytes

Large GALT

89
Q

What are “large GALT” cells?

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

90
Q

What does the lamina propria of the large intestines lack?

A

Does not have lymphatic vessels

91
Q

What are transverse rectal folds? What are they analogous to? Where are they found?

A

Submucosa pushes upwards to create folds
In the rectum
Similar to rugea and plica circulares

92
Q

What type of cell is abundant in the rectum?

A

Goblet cells

Simple columnar epithelium

93
Q

What 2 parts make up the anal canal?

A
  1. Anal Columns (upper)

2. Stratified Squamous (lower)

94
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

Separates rectum and anus, very narrow

95
Q

What is the anus?

A

External regions of the large intestine

96
Q

What type of tissue make sup the anal canal vs anus?

A

Anal canal - non-keratinized stratified squamous

Anus - keratinized stratified squamous, hair follicles, sweat glands, apocrine glands

97
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter? What muscle type is it made of?

A

Smooth muscle
Involuntary movement
Muscle thickens?

98
Q

What is the external anal sphincter? What type of muscle type is it made of?

A

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary movement

99
Q

Rectum-Anal Junction what transitions do you see?

A

Simple columnar > non-keratinized stratified squamous > keratinized stratified squamous

100
Q

What are the characteristics of anal glands? What is their function?

A

Extend into submucosa

Secrete mucus

101
Q

What are circumanal glands? What is their function?

A

Apocrine glands

Sex attractant in some animals

Histology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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