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Histology Unit 3 > Digestive System II > Flashcards

Digestive System II Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the esophagus and GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosal Surface - faces lumen
  2. Submucosa
  3. Mascularies Externa - no less than 2 layers of musculature, usually smooth muscle
  4. Serosa/Advensitia - serosa free, adventitia - anchors to other structures
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2
Q

What tissue type is the adventitia made of?

A

DCT

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3
Q

What tissue type is the mucosa made of? What does it contain?

A

Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis Mucosae

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4
Q

What is tissue type is the submucosa made of? In some locations they may contain what two accessories?

A

DCT

In some locations may contain glands or lymphatic nodule

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5
Q

What two layers compose the Muscularies externa?

A

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer

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6
Q

What does the muscularis externa do?

A

Allows for peristalsis

Pushes the food down the GI tract

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7
Q

What tissue type is in the serosa? What is its function?

A 
Mesothelial lining (simple squamous epithelium)
Created slick surface
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8
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A
  1. Epithelial Lining
  2. Lamina Propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae
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9
Q

What are contianed in the lamina propria?

A

Glands

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10
Q

What is contained in the submucosa?

A

Submucosal nerve plexus / Meissner’s Nerve Plexus

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11
Q

What two locations contain a submucosa?

A
  1. Esophagus

2. Duodenum

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12
Q

What is contianed int he muscularis externa?

A

Myenteric Nerve Plexus

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13
Q

What are the purposes of the two layers in the muscularis externa?

A

Inner Layer - circular: compress digestive materials

Outer Layer - longitudinal: corkscrew movement to push digestive materials along

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14
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

Delivers food from pharynx to stomach

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15
Q

What is an identifying feature of the esophagus? What is its purpose?

A

The shape of the lumen, without food it collapses

Allows it to expand and contract as needed

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16
Q

Is there little or high amounts of regeneration of the epithelium of the esophogus?

A

There is constant regeneration of the epithelium

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17
Q

Is the muscularis mucosae thin or thick in the esophogus? What does this aid in?

A

The longitudinal smooth muscle in the proximal esophagus is thick
Aids in swallowing

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18
Q

What does the submucosa of the esophogus contain?

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus

Esophageal glands proper

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19
Q

How does the musculares externa of the esophagus change as you move down it?

A

Proximal 1/3 is skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 is a combination of skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3 is smooth muscle

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20
Q

Does the esophagus have adventitia or serosa?

A

Converts from adventitia to serosa upon entering the abdominal cavity

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21
Q

What do you see at the esophagus-stomach junction?

A

Transitions from stratified squamous to simple columnar
See the presence of pits
Thickening of musculature

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22
Q

What is the function of sphincters in the esophagus-stomach junction?

A

Control movement from one region to the next

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23
Q

Does the stomach perform endocrine or exocrine functions?

A

Mixed exocrine-endocrine organ

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24
Q

How does the stomach act as an endocrine system?

A

Releases digestive enzymes

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25
How does the stomach act as an exocrine system?
DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system): enteroendocrine Release of ghrelin signals hunger Release of gastric amylase, pepsinogen from chyme
26
What are the 4 parts of digestion?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Triglycerides 4. Forms Chyme
27
What are the 4 anatomical regions of the stomach?
1. Cardia: small, runs continuously 2. Fundus: below cardia 3. Body: bulk 4. Pylorus: right before duodenum
28
Does the body of the stomach exist according to histologists?
No, the body and the fundus are made of the same tissue
29
What are rugae? Where are they located? What is their function?
Rugae are places where the submucosa juts upwards creating permanent longitudinal folds Found in the stomach Allows the stomach to expand with eating
30
When are Rugae most promienet?
When the stomach is empty
31
Where is the cardiac region of the stomach?
Narrow circular band surrounding the esophageal orifice
32
What is the function of the cardiac glands? Where are they found? Are there many pariental cells?
Found in the cardiac region of the stomach Produce mucus and lysozyme Few parietal cells
33
What is the function of gastric pits? What type of cells are they lined with? Where are they located?
Gastric pits are filled with musin and make insoluble mucus that goes over the entire surface of the stomach so it doesn't get eaten away Lined with surface mucous cell - give it a clear appearance Begin at esophagogastric junction
34
What is the location of gastric (fundic) glands?
Fundus Stomach (bulk)
35
What are the three portions of the gastric (fundic) glands?
1. Isthmus 2. Neck 3. Fundus
36
What type of cells are found in the isthmus region of gastric (fundic) glands?
Stem cells
37
What type of cells are found in the neck region of gastric (fundic) glands? (2)
Parietal Cells | Mucous Neck Cells
38
What type of cells are found in the fundus region of gastric (fundic) glands? (2)
Chief Cells | Enteroendocrine cells
39
What is the function of the mucous neck cells in the neck region of gastric (fundic) glands?
Make soluble mucus to solubilize chyme
40
What is the function of the parietal cells int he neck segments of the gastric (fundic glands)? What do they look like?
Make HCl and Intrinsic Factor | Big, pink, rounded or pyramidal in shape
41
What cells type is the most numerous in upper and middle neck regions of gastric (fundic) glands?
Parietal Cells
42
What happens when tubulovesicles decrease?
Microvilli increase in an actively-secreting cells
43
What does intrinsic factor fo?
Captures vitamin B12 and protects it until it can be absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine
44
Where are chief cells located? What do they look like?
Located in deeper part of gastric (fundic) glands, granular appearance Basophilic cytoplasm with eosinophilic apices
45
What do chief cells secrete? What does it do?
Secrete pepsinogen > enters into acidic environment and becomes activated Secrete lipase > breaks down lipids
46
Where are enteroendocrine cells located? What do they look like?
Enriched in fundus of gastric (fundus) glands Clear cytoplasm Closed = attached to basal domian but doesn't extend to apocrine Open = attached to basal domain, extends to apocrine, has microvilli
47
What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?
Closed - respond to neuronal stimulation Open - Samples what is in the stomach (taste receptors), released gastrin (+ other hormones), responds to the immediate environment
48
What does the pylorus section of the stomach contain? (2)
Deep gastric pits | Pyloric glands
49
What do pyloric glands look like?
Longer pits with short coiled secretory part near muscularis mucosae Glands curve clear appearance because of surface mucosal cells
50
What is the function of pyloric glands? Are they abundant?
Secrete mucus and lysozymes | Is not as abundant as other pits
51
What 3 functions does the small intestine perform?
1. Terminal Food Digestion 2. Nutrient Absorption 3. Endocrine Secretion
52
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
53
In what region of the small intestine does terminal food digestion mainly occur?
Duodenum
54
Why is the small intestine lines with tall columnar cells with microvilli?
Increased absorption and secretion
55
What is the plicae circularis? Where are they located? What is their function?
Folds in the small intestine Analogous to the rugae in the stomach Increase SA > increased absorption and secretion
56
What does the mucosa of the small intestine contain?
Epithelieum Lamina Propria that extended into villi Muscularis Mucosae
57
What does the submucosa of the small intestine contain? (2)
1. Duodenal Glands / Brunner's Glands | 2. Peyer's Patches (aka M cells)
58
What do duodenal/brunner's glands of the small intestine produce? What is its function?
Make alkaline mucus that neutralizes the chyme from the stomach
59
What section of the small intestine has peyer's patches?
The ilium
60
Does the small intestine have a serosa or adventitia?
Serosa
61
Absorption in the submucosa and mucosa is increased by what 3 structures?
1. Plicae Ciculares - submucosa juts inward to create folds 2. Villi - epithelium pushes out 3. Microvilli - on all cells
62
In what 2 sections of the small intestine are plicae circulares folds most numerous?
1. Distal duodenum | 2. Proximal jejunum
63
What is the core of the villi in the small intestine? How do they differ in appearance in the ileum and duodenum?
Core of lamina propria Leaf-like in the ileum finger-like in the duodenum
64
How does the number of goblet cells change from the small intestine to the colon and rectum?
Increase the number of goblet cells as you move from the small intestine to the colon and rectum
65
Why do villi of the small intestine have an empty center?
Filled with lacteal which binds lymphatic vessel and catches lipids?
66
Where are the intestinal glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn) located?
Extend from the muscularis mucosae to the luminal surface of the villi and are surrounded by lamina propria
67
What are the 5 accessory cells found in the mucosa of the small intestine?
1. Enterocytes 2. Goblet 3. Paneth 4. Enteroendocrine 5. M cells
68
What is the function of enterocytes? What tissue type are they?
Simple columnar epithelial cell Absorption Secretion of digestive enzymes
69
What is the function of goblet cells? Where are they located?
Secrete mucin | Increase as you move toward the ileum
70
What is the function of paneth cells? What doe they look like?
Release antimicrobial peptides for bacterial defense | Eosinophilic granules with basophilic cytoplasm, look like a flower low key
71
What is the function of enteroendocrine cells? What system are they a part of?
Make and release paracrine and endocrine horomones | Part of the DNES (Diffuse Neuroendocrine System) (DNES is also in the stomach)
72
What is the function of M (microfold) cells? Is it unique to the small intestine? What is another name?
Aggregation of immune cells creates a small barrier over enlarged lymphatic nodules Unique to the small intestine AKA Peyer's Patch
73
What does the lymphatic nodule under the M-cells do?
Surveillance of the lumen for the immune system
74
What are microvilli anchored into?
Terminal Web
75
What function does the microvilli perform?
Active transport to bring nutrients into the cell | Secrete out digestive enzymes
76
What type of cell in the small intestine has microvilli?
Enterocytes
77
What are the two states enteroendocrine cells can have in the small intestine?
Closed and open Activation of taste receptors when open Similar to cells in the stomach
78
What specific hormones do Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine release? What are their functions? (2)
CCK - acts on gallbladder and pancreas | Secretin - acts on pancreas
79
Where are paneth cells located?
the base of intestinal glands of the small intestine
80
What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?
1. Water absorption 2. Vitamin absorption 3. Feces storage
81
What are the 3 anatomical sections of the large intestine?
1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum
82
What is included in the cecum of the large intestine?
Veriform appendix (which is before the cecum)
83
What is included in the colon of the large intestine? (4)
1. Ascending 2. Transverse 3. Descending 4. Sigmoid
84
What are Teniae Coli? What is their function? Where are they located?
Thicked bands of the outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa Penetrate the inner circular layer to create pouches = huastra coli In the large intestine
85
What are haustra coli? What is their function? Where are they located?
Haustra Coli are sacculations of the colon caused by teniae coli In the large intestine Allow for independent contractions
86
What type of accessory cells are in intestinal glands of the large intestine?
Simple columnar Goblet cells Absorptive Cells
87
What cells do the intestinal glands of the large intestine lack?
No paneth cells
88
What accessory cells are in the lamina propria of the large intestine?
Lymphocytes | Large GALT
89
What are "large GALT" cells?
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
90
What does the lamina propria of the large intestines lack?
Does not have lymphatic vessels
91
What are transverse rectal folds? What are they analogous to? Where are they found?
Submucosa pushes upwards to create folds In the rectum Similar to rugea and plica circulares
92
What type of cell is abundant in the rectum?
Goblet cells | Simple columnar epithelium
93
What 2 parts make up the anal canal?
1. Anal Columns (upper) | 2. Stratified Squamous (lower)
94
What is the anal canal?
Separates rectum and anus, very narrow
95
What is the anus?
External regions of the large intestine
96
What type of tissue make sup the anal canal vs anus?
Anal canal - non-keratinized stratified squamous | Anus - keratinized stratified squamous, hair follicles, sweat glands, apocrine glands
97
What is the internal anal sphincter? What muscle type is it made of?
Smooth muscle Involuntary movement Muscle thickens?
98
What is the external anal sphincter? What type of muscle type is it made of?
Skeletal Muscle | Voluntary movement
99
Rectum-Anal Junction what transitions do you see?
Simple columnar > non-keratinized stratified squamous > keratinized stratified squamous
100
What are the characteristics of anal glands? What is their function?
Extend into submucosa | Secrete mucus
101
What are circumanal glands? What is their function?
Apocrine glands | Sex attractant in some animals

Histology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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