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Histology Unit 3 > Digestive System III > Flashcards

Digestive System III Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

4 lobes of unequal shape and size

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2
Q

What divides the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

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3
Q

What are the two lobes that are not the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

Quadrate

Cuadate Lobes

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver? Do all lobes have this?

A

Lobules

All lobe has this

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5
Q

What surrounds the liver?

A

Fibrous capsule

Aka Glisson’s capusle

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6
Q

What surrounds the Capsule of the liver? What is its purpose?

A

Serous coat of mesothelium

Reduces friction

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7
Q

What is the shape of the lobules?

A

Hexaganol

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8
Q

What 3 components make up the portal triad? Where is the portal triad located?

A
  1. Hepatic portal ven
  2. Hepatic Artery
  3. Bile duct
    Found on the edges of lobules
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9
Q

What lies in the center of the lobules of the liver?

A 
Central Vein (actually a venule) 
Blood flow through sinusoids
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10
Q

What the the 6 most important functions of the liver?

A
  1. Removal of toxins
  2. Metabolize nutrients
  3. Store starches as long term glycogen stores
  4. Kupffer Cells (macrophages) phagocytose pathogens/debris
  5. Produce clotting factors and plasma proteins
  6. Production of bile
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11
Q

Where are Kupffer cells located?

A

Line sinusoidal capillares

Macrophages of the liver

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12
Q

What type of plasma proteins does the liver produce?

A

alpha and beta globulins
albumin
fibrinogen

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13
Q

What is bile important for (2)?

A
  1. Digestion of food

2. Absorption of vitamins A, D, E, K

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14
Q

75% of the blood that comes to the liver is _____ supply from the _____, the other 25% is _____ supply from the ______

A

Venus supply, hepatic portal vein

Arterial supply, hepatic artery

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15
Q

What does the venule blood supply contain (3)? What other organs does the blood go through before coming to the liver?

A 
Contains nutrients (glucose, metabolites), toxins, byproducts of medications
Goes through GI tract, pancreas, spleen
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16
Q

What important thing does the hepatic artery bring the liver?

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

What are the lobe of the liver divided into?

A

Layers of hepatocytes

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18
Q

What are the hepatocytes seperated by? What is the significance of this?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries
The discontinuous basal lamina allows for large molecules (nutrients, toxins, metabolites) to flow in/out of the sinusoids and in/away from hepatocytes

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19
Q

What line the sinusoidal wall of the capillaries in the liver? What two functions does the cell perform?

A

Kupffer cells
Reinforce wall
Phagocytosis

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20
Q

What is the overall shape of the hepatocyte?

A

Cuboidal - has 8 sides

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21
Q

What separates the hepatocytes on their laminal sides? What is their function?

A

Bile Canaliculus

Tuber space between that act as the beginning of the bile ducts

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22
Q

Do the bile ducts move in the same or opposite way as the blood flow? What are all the tubes called (4)?

A

The bile ducts flow in the opposite direction

Bile canaliculi > bile ductule @ portal triad > larger bile ducts > main bile duct

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23
Q

The liver has the enrichment of what 3 organelles in its cells? What is the implication of this?

A
  1. sER
  2. peroxisomes
  3. Lysosomes
    All are important for digestion, breakdown, and detoxification
24
Q

What are Ito cells? Where are they found? What is their function?

A

Found in the liver

Important for storage of vitamin A

25
Q

What do Ito cells have to do with vision?

A

Release vitamin A as retinol bound to retinol-binding protein > travels to retina > becomes rodoxin = important for eyesight

26
Q

How can a damaged liver lead to decreased eyesight?

A

Liver damage > Ito cells become myofibroblasts > scar tissue > decreased storage of vitamin A > decreased retinol > decreased rodoxin > decreased eyesight

27
Q

What is the space of disse?

A

Part of the hematocyte that faces the sinusoidal wall

Contains microvilli that increase absorption, synthesis, and secretion of materials into the sinusoid

28
Q

What do the microvilli in the space of disse in the liver synthesize?

A

Clotting factors etc

29
Q

Does the gallbladder have a lot of interaction with the body? Why?

A

No, it is a blind sac attached to the visceral surface of the liver

30
Q

What is the only place the gallbladder interacts with the body?

A

The cystic duct which connects with the hepatic duct

31
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Concentrates and stores bile

32
Q

Talk me through bile secretion

A

Bile released through common hepatic duct > cystic duct > gallbladder removes 90% of the water > bile becomes enzymatically active > CCK from small intestine > secrete out enzymatically active bile into the duodenum

33
Q

How does the anatomy of the gallbladder reflect its main function of water removal? (3) (first 2 modification in mucosa)

A
  1. Mucosa is lined with simple columnar epithelium with microvilli
  2. Mucosal Folds increase surface area
  3. Lots of Na/K ATPase pumps on the lateral side of cells to allow for the lateral transport of water across the membrane so it can be taken up by the blood vessel in the LCT and returned to the body
34
Q

What does the muscularis externa tell us about the gallbladder?

A

Has 3 layers of smooth muscle to allow for large contractions > release of bile into the cytsic duct

35
Q

What two layers does the gallbladder lack? What does this mean for the lamina propria?

A 
lacks muscularis mucosa and submucoa
Lamina propria (LCT) runs continuously with muscularis externa
36
Q

Does the gallbladder have adventitia or serosa?

A

Adventitia at point of attachment to the liver

Serosa at unattached surfaces

37
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pancreas?

A
  1. Head
  2. Body
  3. Tail
38
Q

What is the capsule of the pancreas?

A

LCT

enters into the tissue to create CT septa which created the rough-looking exterior of the pancreas

39
Q

What are the two ducts important in the pancreas? What do they drain into?

A
  1. Main pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung): drains into duodenum
  2. Accessory duct (duct of Santorini): only in some individuals, different entry point (not same as bile duct)
40
Q

What are pancreatic acini cells? Where are they located? What is their function? Is this an exocrine or endocrine function?

A

Granular cells found in the pancreas

Produce digestive enzymes; exocrine function

41
Q

What are Islets of Langerhans? Where are they located? What is their function? Is this an exocrine or endocrine function?

A

Found dispersed throughout acini cells in the pancreas

Produce insulin and glucagon; endocrine function

42
Q

What 4 things do the zymogen granules of acini cells contain? What is the significance of this?

A
  1. Proteolytic endo and exopeptidases
  2. Amyloytic enzymes
  3. Lipases
  4. Nucleolytic enzymes
    Something to breakdown and digest each of the 4 macromolecules
43
Q

What are centroacinar cells? Where are they located? What is their function?

A

Found in the center and extending from acinar cells - like a lollipop
Eventually becomes intercalated duct > intralobular duct > main duct

44
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells of the DNES system in the pancreas?

A

Hormonal Control

  1. Secretin
  2. CCK
45
Q

What does secretin do in the pancreas?

A

Acts on acinar cells > release of digestive enzymes into intercalated duct

46
Q

What does CKK do in the pancreas?

A

Act on centracinar cells and intercalated duct cells > make alkaline buffer > mixes with digestive enzymes > duodenum enzymes

47
Q

Talk me from centroacinar cells to the duodenum

A

Centroacinar cells > intercalated duct > intralobular duct > interlobular duct > main pancreatic duct > duodenum

48
Q

What do the pancreatic ducts make? What is its function?

A

Make bicarbonate buffer
Increased the pH of the duodenum (in addition to secretion from duodenum glands) + alkaline > neutralization of chyme AND created perfect pH conditions to active zymogen enzymes

49
Q

What are the three types of cells found in the Islets of Langerhans? And what do they produce?

A
  1. Alpha > glucagon
  2. Beta > Insulin
  3. Delta > Somatostatin
50
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Contracts insulin

Stimulates glucose production and increase blood glucose levels

51
Q

What does insulin do?

A

In response to high blood glucose levels it acts on cells to increase the uptake of glucose > glucose storage

52
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits both glucagon and insulin

53
Q

What is acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis? What causes it? Symptoms on the cellular and whole-body level? How long do symptoms last?

A

Heavy meals or excessive drinking > inactive proenzymes become prematurely active > destruction of pancreatic acini > Necrosis and Hemorogining
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
Lasts a few days

54
Q

What can cystic fibrous do to your pancreas?

A

Mucus obstructs ducts > destroy pancreatic acini and tissue overtime > pancreatic failure > death

55
Q

What can repeated (chronic) pancreatitis lead to? In what individuals do we see this in?

A

Can lead to acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

See this in alcoholics

Histology Unit 3 (4 decks)

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