Digestive Tings

Question 1

What are the functions of the GI system?

Answer 1

Prehensile: ingestion followed by fragmentation
Mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of nutrients
Absorption
Synthesis/ secretion
Excretion of waste material

Question 2

What time of epithelium is present from the lips to the non glandular stomach ?

Answer 2

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 3

What type of epithelium is is present in the glandular stomach and intestines?

Answer 3

Simple columnar

Question 4

What is a distinctive feature of the oral cavity in ruminants?

Answer 4

Dental pad - keratinized layer

Question 5

The oral cavity is missing what layer?

Answer 5

Submucosa

Question 6

The tongue is covered by ___________ epithelium dorsally and ____________ epithelium ventrally

Answer 6

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 7

The tongue is mainly made of ??

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle

Question 8

The oral cavity and tongue both are missing a?

Answer 8

Tunica submucosa

Question 9

What cells produce enamel?

Answer 9

Ameloblasts

Question 10

Dentin is made by what type of cells?

Answer 10

Odontoblasts

Question 11

What anchors the tooth to the gums? What cells make up this ligament?

Answer 11

Periodontal ligament

Fibroblasts

Question 12

What cells form cementum?

Answer 12

Cementoblasts

Question 13

Where is serosa present along the digestive tract?

Answer 13

Continuous with the mesenteric, omentum, and pleura

Question 14

What is the tunica submucosa made of? What is its purpose?

Answer 14

Loose connective tissue

Facilitate motility of mucosa

Question 15

What is the purpose of the tunica muscularis

Answer 15

Control lumen size and motility

Contains myenteric plexus

Question 16

What is the difference between tunica serosa and tunica adventitia

Answer 16

Serosa = mesothelium and loose CT

Adventitia= loose/dense CT only (up against other structures - no epithelium)

Question 17

Where is adventitia found along the digestive tract?

Answer 17

Portions of esophagus where passing through mediastinum, rectum, vagina,

Question 18

What are the features of the espohagus?

Answer 18

Stratified squamous epithelium 
May have lamina muscularis mucosae 
Mucous glands in submucosa 
Tunica musclaris -skeletal or smooth muscle 
Tunica adventitia over most of course

Question 19

What is the junction between glandular and non-glandular stomach

Answer 19

Margo Plicatus

Question 20

Compare the features of the rumen, reticulum, and omasum.

Answer 20

Rumen- low papillae, stratified squamous epithelium
Reticulum- honeycomb mucosa, proventricles are lined by stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
Omasum- long omasal lamina, stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 21

What are the distinctive features of the stomach?

Answer 21

Mucous producing epithelium

Longitudinal Rugae. :(

Gastric pits = invaginations of lining epithelium

Question 22

The gastric glands are lined by __________ that dips down into grastric pits

Answer 22

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 23

What cells are prevalent in the cardiac gland region of the stomach

Answer 23

Mucous glands and a few parietal cells

Question 24

What cells are predominant in the funding region of the stomach?

Answer 24

Parietal

Chief cells

Question 25

What cells are predominant in the pyloric region of the stomach

Answer 25

Mucous glands | G cells -> produce gastrin

Question 26

Chief cells/ Peptic cells secrete __________. | What is their appearance?

Answer 26

Pepsinogen | Basophilic with zymogenic granules, dense basally located nuclei

Question 27

Parietal cells secrete _________. What is their appearance??

Answer 27

HCl | Large, round and eosinophilic cytoplasm, centrally located nucleus

Question 28

How do you differentiate small and large intestine?

Answer 28

Small - both villi and intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) Large- no villi (smooth surface), only crypts of Leiberkuhn

Question 29

How do you differentiate the different parts of the small intestine?

Answer 29

Duodenum- Brunners gland in tunica submucosa Jejunum - there are no specific structures in connective tissue of submucosa Ileum - Payers patches in tela submucosa

Question 30

What is a payer patch? What cells are located in them?

Answer 30

Aggregations of lymphoid nodules Bcells in peyers patches

Question 31

What are M fold cells and where are they located?

Answer 31

Specialized epithelial cells that phagocytose GI and secrete content on the lymphocytes and macrophages of the peyers patch Have surface projections In the ileum ... where the peyers patches are.

Question 32

Intestinal epithelium has what types of cells?

Answer 32

``` Goblet Enterocytes Enteroendocrine Paneth cells Stem cells Intraepithelial lymphocytes ```

Question 33

What is the function and location of the paneth cells?

Answer 33

Base of intestinal crypt | Both secretory and phagocytic functions - produce cryptidin and lysine

Question 34

What is the function and location of eteroedocrine cells?

Answer 34

Localized in intestinal crypts Produce serotonin, glucoinsulotropic peptide, chatecholamines, gastrin, somatostatin, serotonin, cholecystokinin, secretin, bombesin, enteroglucagon.. ect

Question 35

What are the three different glandular regions of the anus?

Answer 35

Anal glands Anal sac glands Circumanal glands

Question 36

The rectum ends in the anal canal that is lined by ____________________ epithelium

Answer 36

Stratified squamous | Keratinized by muco-cutaneous junction

Question 37

Anal glands

Answer 37

Tubuloacinar (present in pigs and dogs) In the submucosa of the anal canal

Question 38

Location of anal sacs

Answer 38

Lined by keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium | Between the inner smooth muscle of internal anal sphincter and outer skeletal muscle of external anal sphincter

Question 39

What type of glands are anal sacs?

Answer 39

Apocrine tubular (dog) Apocrine tubular and sebaceous (cat)

Question 40

Circumanal gland are located where? And what is their appearance?

Answer 40

Located in subcutis around anus in dogs Subdeacons in upper portions and non-sebaceous in lower portion (resemble hepatocytes -> hepatoid glands )

Question 41

What are the types of salivary glands?

Answer 41

Serous, mucous, and mixed

Question 42

Salivary acini empty into __________ ducts, which will empty into __________ ducts

Answer 42

Intercalated | Striated

Question 43

Liver has a dual blood supply from the _______ and ____________

Answer 43

Portal vein and hepatic artery

Question 44

The liver is covered by mesothelium over a CT layer, this is known as _________

Answer 44

Glisson capsule

Question 45

What are transported to the liver via lymph vessels ?

Answer 45

Chylomicrons

Question 46

What is the exocrine function of the liver?

Answer 46

Bile (for lipid digestion)

Question 47

What is the space between the sinusoid capillary endothelium and the hepatocyte

Answer 47

Space of Disse

Question 48

Two grooves in neighboring hepatocytes, connected by tight junctions for the _________________________

Answer 48

Bile canaliculi

Question 49

Macrophage cells of the liver are called?

Answer 49

Kupffer cells

Question 50

What is the structure and function of a hepatocyte?

Answer 50

Usually described as a hexagonal shape Storage of metabolites/ storage of energy -lipids and carbohydrates are stored in the liver in the form of triglycerides and glycogen

Question 51

The flow of blood and bile in the hepatic lobule

Answer 51

Blood flows from the portal area to the central vein through sinusoids Bile flows form hepatic lobule to bile ductule in bile canaliculi

Question 52

What is area on the edge of the hepatic lobule that contains a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ductule?

Answer 52

Portal triad (aka portobiliary space)

Question 53

The classical liver lobule is _______ in shape with blood flowing toward the __________

Answer 53

Polyhedral/hexagonal Central vein

Question 54

A portal lobule is _______ in shape and is representative of the flow of _________ to the ________

Answer 54

Triangular in shape | Bile toward the the triad

Question 55

A hepatic acinus refers to the ___________ flow between lobules

Answer 55

Vascular flow Flow begins at triad toward central veins via sinusoidal capillaries (diamond shaped)

Question 56

What are the zones of the hepatic acinus and how do they relate to nutrient distribution and injury

Answer 56

Zone 1 - (perilobular) high O2, nutrients, and pathogen exposure Zone 2 - moderate O2, nutrients, and pathogen exposure Zone 3- (centrilobular) low O2, nutrient, and pathogen exposure

Question 57

Gall bladder .. tell me all the things

Answer 57

Accepts bile from cystic duct for storage Many mucosal folds Simple columnar epithelium has microvilli, tight junctions, mitochondria, and secretory vesicles No muscularis mucosae Tunica serosa around it

Question 58

Pancreas have ____________ units that drain into ________ ducts lined by cuboidal cells

Answer 58

Tubuloacinar | Intercalated

Question 59

Pancreas resembles a salivary gland, but differs by?

Answer 59

No striated ducts | Has endocrine pancreastic islets of Langerhans

Question 60

The exocrine cells of the pancreas are ______ acinus with ________granules

Answer 60

Serous | Zymogen