Respiratory Learns

Question 1

Functions of the Respiratory System

Answer 1

Air conduction/ Gas exchange 
Phonation 
Olfaction 
Heat regulation 
Air conditioning 
Protection 
Acid-base regulation 
Hormone conversion

Question 2

What does the conducting system of the respiratory system do?

Answer 2

Bring air in
Cleanses, moistens, and warms air
Trap particulate matter

Question 3

What kinds of cells can be found in the transitional system of the respiratory tract

Answer 3

Club cells
Non-ciliated secretory cells
Only a few ciliated cells
No goblets in bronchioles

Question 4

What is the pathway of airflow into the lungs?

Answer 4

Nasal cavity -> nasopharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs

Question 5

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity??

Answer 5

Pseudostratified cililated columnar with goblet cells

Question 6

The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains ________________ glands that are important to olfaction by releasing odorant-binding proteins

Answer 6

Tubule-alveolar glands

Mainly serous, some mucous and mixed

Question 7

The nasal cavity is divided into what three regions?

Answer 7

Vestibular region
Respiratory region
Olfactory Region

Question 8

The vestibular region of the nasal cavity is lined by ___________________ epithelium

Answer 8

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 9

The respiratory region of the nasal cavity is lined by _______________ epithelium. This epithelium combined with goblet cells makes up the ___________________

Answer 9

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Mucocililary apparatus

Question 10

What are the projections from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity in the respiratory region?

Answer 10

Conchae turbinates

Regulates the quality and quantity of inhaled air

Question 11

What is the purpose of the mucociliary apparatus

Answer 11

Movement of cilia removes mucous with trapped particles

Cleansing apparatus of the upper respiratory passages

Question 12

What do goblet cells produce?

Answer 12

Mucinogen granules

Question 13

Goblet cells are present in the airway down to the level of ____________. In response to injury, goblet cells ______________ and _______________

Answer 13

Large bronchioles
Increase number (hyperplasia )
Change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium (metaplasia)

Question 14

Ciliated epithelial cells are connected by ________ and have claws of. __________

Answer 14

Gap junctions

Dynein

Question 15

The olfactory region of the nasal cavity is lined by what epithelium? What types of cells make up this epithelium?

Answer 15

Olfactory epithelium

Olfactory neurons 
Supporting cells (sustentacular cells)
Basal cells (stem cells)

Question 16

What portion of the nasal cavity are goblet cells absent?

Answer 16

Olfactory epithelium

Question 17

What are swell bodies and where are they located?

Answer 17

Swell bodies are venous plexus that are distended with blood. And can be found in the olfactory and respiratory region of the nasal cavity

Question 18

What is mainly used t detect pheromones and is located between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity

Answer 18

Vomero-nasal organ

Question 19

The larynx is composed of what two types epithelium

Answer 19

Stratified squamous epithelium - initial part of the larynx

Pseudostratified cililated columnar epithelium - after the vocal chords

Question 20

What type of epithelium is present in the trachea?

Answer 20

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 21

What is present on the surface of the olfactory epithelium

Answer 21

Olfactory hairs and mucous

Question 22

What type of glands can be seen in the lamina propria/submucosa of the trachea?

Answer 22

Serous glands

Question 23

What is a distinctive feature of the trachea?

Answer 23

Ring of hyaline cartilage

Question 24

What is the region of growth called in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 24

Perichondrium

Question 25

The growth plate of hyaline cartilage can be divided into what three regions?

Answer 25

1 zone of reserve/ resting cells (isolated chondrocytes) 2 zone of proliferation 3 zone of hypertrophic cells

Question 26

Hyline cartilage can occur in what two ways?

Answer 26

Appositional - at the periphery | Interstitial - from within the cartilage

Question 27

What are defining features of the bronchus?

Answer 27

Plates of hyaline cartilage Ciliated columnar epithelium Smooth muscle around the lamina propria Mixed bronchial glands beneath the smooth muscle

Question 28

The mixed bronchial glands secrete?

Answer 28

Mixed seromucous glands -> mucin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

Question 29

Bronchi branch into _______

Answer 29

Bronchioles

Question 30

What do bronchioles lack in comparison to the bronchi?

Answer 30

Cartilage and glands

Question 31

Terminal brochioles are lined by what epithelium?

Answer 31

Ciliated cuboidal cells (few to none goblets)

Question 32

Club cells are located where? And what is their purpose?

Answer 32

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles (in L.M. Bulge at surface) Secrete surfactant like substance Metabolize airborne toxins (may have immune function)

Question 33

Respiratory bronchioles have what type of epithelium??

Answer 33

Ciliated cuboidal that flatten distally

Question 34

How do you tell a terminal bronchiole from a respiratory bronchiole in L.M. ?

Answer 34

Terminal bronchial is cililated cuboidal epithelium with a complete muscularis mucosae Respiratory bronchiole has a ciliated cuboidal epithelium that will flatten and a incomplete muscularis mucosae

Question 35

Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into ______________

Answer 35

Alveolar ducts

Question 36

The walls of alveolar ducts are made of ________________ epithelium

Answer 36

Simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 37

How can you differentiate between an aveolar sac and an alveolar duct

Answer 37

Alveolar ducts have smooth muscle at the lip of the alveolus that gives it a knob-like appearance Alveolar sacs lack smooth muscle

Question 38

Pores connecting alveoli are called?

Answer 38

Alveolar pores of Kohn Provide equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed

Question 39

A machrophage found in the alveolar septum is called?

Answer 39

Dust cell

Question 40

What type of cell makes up 95% of the alveolar surface area?

Answer 40

Type I pneumocyte aka squamous alveolar type I cell

Question 41

How thick is a regular section of tissue for light microscopy?

Answer 41

5um

Question 42

What cells are present in the inter alveolar septum

Answer 42

``` Continuous capillary Endothelial cell Erythrocytes Pneumocyte I Pneumocyte II Collagen Elastic fibers ```

Question 43

A type II pneumocyte produces __________ via ____________

Answer 43

Surfactant via lamellar bodies Appears vacuolated under L.M.

Question 44

What is the structure and function of surfactant?

Answer 44

Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein Reduces surface tension and effort needed to inflate alveoli

Question 45

What stimulates the production of surfactant in the fetus just prior to parturition?

Answer 45

Cortisol

Question 46

The absence of surfactant in newborns is known as ?

Answer 46

hyaline membrane Disease

Question 47

What is the air blood barrier composed of?

Answer 47

1 vascular endothelium 2 Basement membrane of the endothelial cell 3 basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte 4 cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte

Question 48

The lungs are covered by visercal pleural which is a __________________ epithelium

Answer 48

Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelial )