Exam 3 Flashcards
(294 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the male reproductive system
A
Production of male sex cells
Production of male sex hormone testosterone
Introduce male gametes to female
Production of PMDH and AMH hormones in male embryo and inhibit in adult
2
Q
What are the tunica surrounding the testes?
A
Tunica vaginalus (visceral and parietal) Tunica albuginea
3
Q
The tunica vaginalus is composed of _________________ cells
A
Mesothelial
4
Q
What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalus and what are they connected to?
A
Visceral - surrounding testes and epidiymus
Parietal -attached to CT of scrotum
5
Q
What is contained within the tunica albuginea?
A
Testes
6
Q
The tunica albuginea is a capsule of ______________, composed of ____________ and ______________ fibers.
A
Dense CT
Collagen
Elastic
7
Q
What is the spermatic pathway?
A
Seminiferous tubules -> tubule recti -> rete tesis -> efferent ductules -> epididymal duct -> ductus (vas) deferens -> pelvic urethra -> penile urethra
8
Q
There are lobules within the testes containing _________________
A
Seminiferous tubules
9
Q
Seminoma
A
Tumor of the seminiferous cells
Intratubular neoplasic cells with characteristics of seminiferous cells
10
Q
Sertoli cells are also called ___________
A
Sustentacular cells
11
Q
Sertoli cells are connected by ______________ and extend from the basement membrane to the __________________ of the seminiferous tubules
A
Tight junctions; lumen (adluminal compartment )
12
Q
In light microscopy what is the appearance of sertoli cells?
A
Pale and oval nucleus, sometimes triangular in shape.
Indistinct cytoplasm
13
Q
What are the functions of sertoli cells?
A
Support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells
Secrete testicular fluid
Protect spermatids from immune system (via tight junctions)
Hormone production
14
Q
What receptors are present on the surface of Sertoli cells? What does binding of these receptors cause?
A
Receptors for FSH
Causes the release of androgen binding protein -> binds testosterone and increases the local concentration
15
Q
What hormones do the sertoli cells produce?
A
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)-> in embryo prevents formation of Mullarian duct and oviduct
Inhibin -> suppress FSH secretion from pituitary (negative feedback on pituitary)
16
Q
Where are Leydig cells found?
A
Between seminiferous tubules
17
Q
In light microscopy, what is the appearance of leydig cells?
A
Nucleus is small and round, euchromatic eccentic
Cytoplasm is very acidophilic and often foamy due to presence of lipids
18
Q
Leydig cells secrete ____________
A
Testosterone
19
Q
What controls the secretion of testosterone from Leydig cells?
A
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
20
Q
What are the effects of testosterone?
A
Secondary sex characteristics and libido
Adrogenic effects - development and secretion of sex male accessory glands
Anabolic effect- growth of skeletal muscle and bone
21
Q
What is the vascular supply of the testes and how does this vascular supply maintain temperature of the testes?
A
Testicular artery and vein
Countercurrent heat exchange
22
Q
What is the spermatic cord composed of?
A
Testicular artery and vein
Lymphatic
Ductus (vas) deferens
23
Q
Seminiferous tubules terminate as straight testicular tubules that empty into _____________
A
Rete testes
24
Q
What are the rete testes lined by?
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
25
What connects the rete testes and the epididymal duct?
Efferent ductules
26
What type of epithelium lines the epididymus?
Simple cililated and non ciliated cells
27
The epididymal duct is lined by what type of epithelium?
Pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia
28
What is the function of the epididymal duct?
Fluid reabsorption and secretion of glycerophosphocholine
| Sperm storage
29
What type of epithelium lines the ductus deferens?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
30
What is a prominent feature of the ductus deferens?
Musclaris
| Peristaltic contractions that propel spermatozoa
31
What additional accessory gland do ruminants have and where is it located?
Ampula
| Near junction in urethra and ductus deferens
32
What are the accessory male sex glands?
Bulbourethral
Prostate
Ampullary
Vesicular (seminal)
33
Vesicular glands what what type of epithelium?
Pseudostratified
34
What is the purpose of the vesicular gland?
Produce fructose which is the source of energy for the sperm cells
35
What species are vesicular glands not present?
Carnivores
36
What is the structure of the prostate gland?
Multiblobed, surrounding the prostatic urethra
Surrounded by a fibroelastic capsule
Branched tubuloalveolar gland
37
What type of epithelium lines the prostate gland?
Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
38
What are the prostatic concentrations can be seen within the lumen of the urethra?
Corpora amylacea
39
The bulbourethral gland empties into _____________
Pelvic urethra
40
What type of epithelium is in the bulbourethral gland?
Tall simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
41
What does the bulbourethral gland produce?
Mucous secretion - lubricant
42
What are the three portions of the male urethra?
Prostatic, pelvic, and penile
43
What type of epithelium makes up most of the length of the male urethra?
Transitional epithelium
44
What are the masses of erectile tissue found in the penis?
Corpora cavernosa
| Corpus spongiosum - surrounding the urethra
45
What type of muscle is urethra muscle?
Skeletal muscle
46
What are the layers of the ovary cortex?
Epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Cortex
47
What kind of epithelium is found on ovary cortex
Low cuboidal epithelium
48
What is the tunica albuginea?
Layer of CT
| Beneath epithelial layer
49
The cortex of the ovary contains _________ in different stages of development
Follicles
50
What is the progression of follicular development?
Primordial germ cell -> primordial follicle -> early follicle -> primary follicle -> secondary follicle -> graafin follicle -> ovulation -> corpus leuteum -> corpus albicans
51
Follicular development is called______________
Folliculogenesis
52
What structure contains an oocyte surrounded by specialized epithelial cells
Ovarian follicle
53
Primordial follicle contains a ______________ oocyte
Primary
54
The primordial follicle contains a primary oocyte enclosed by __________________ ___________ follicular cells
Simple squamous
55
Primary follicles are enclosed by a _____________ ________________ layer of follicular cells
Simple cuboidal
56
A _________________ follicle has a primary oocyte enclosed by several layers of follicular cells
Secondary
57
Follicular cells are also called ____________
Granulosa cells
58
What follicles contain a primary oocyte?
Primordial follicle, primary follicle, and secondary follicle
59
What is the zona pellucida?
Glycoproteins layer
| Between the oocyte and granulosa cells
60
Granulosa cells contain ________ receptors
FSH
61
What is the morphology of theca cells in light microscopy?
Large, pale staining, spindle shaped cells, with steroid producing/metabolizing cells
62
What is the structure of a tertiary follicle?
Larger follicle with small liquid areas (antrum) between granulosa cells
63
Fluid in an antrum is called ___________
Liquor folliculi
64
The follicular cells surrounding oocyte in a tertiary follicle is called ____________
Corona radiata
65
The corona radiata and oocyte sits on granulosa cells called _____________
Cumulus oophorus
66
Graafian follicle
Oocyte detaches from the cumulus oophorus and floats free in follicular fluid
Follicular cells acquire LH receptors required for development of corpus luteum
67
Follicular atresia
Degeneration of follicles (can occur at any stage of development)
Basal lamina of granulosa cells becomes hyalinized (glassy membrane)
68
Describe the process of follicular atresia
Basal lamina of granulosa cells become hyalinized (glassy membrane)
Theca interna cells blend back into stroma (may persist as interstitial endocrine cells in queen, bitch, and rodent)
69
What occurs in the follicle following ovulation.
Blood flows not antrum and ruptured follicle becomes corpus hemorrhagicum
Capillaries from the stroma invade the collapsed follicle and convert it to a temporary endocrine organ called corpus luteum
70
What is leutenization?
Granulosa cells and theca cells transform into luteal cells (hypertrophy and hyperplasia)
71
Granulosa lutein cells produce ______________ and ______________ in response to FSH and LH
Estrogen and progesterone
72
Theca lutein cells produce ___________ in response to LH
Progesterone
73
Following the corpus luteum, if ovulation does not occur, what is formed?
Corpus albicans
74
Corpus albicans
White body
Involution of corpus leuteum -> fibrous scar
75
The oviduct is derived from ?
Mullarian ducts
76
What are the functions of the oviduct?
Receive ovum -> very active during ovulation, ovum picked up by fimbriae and directed toward oviduct
Cilia assist in transport
Favorable microenvironment for fertilization
Transport zygote to uterus for implantation
77
What kind of epithelium does the oviduct have?
Simple columnar/pseudostratified with motile cilia on most cells
78
What are the layers of the oviduct?
Epithelium
Tunica muscularis (inner circular and outer longitudinal layer)
Serosa - vascular and nervous layer between the two muscle layers
79
What are the functions of the uterus?
Provide a sterile environment for the development of concepts
Exchange of nutrients and trophic factors via placental attachments
Muscles of the uterus contribute to the release and birth
80
What are the layers of the uterus?
Endometrium, myometrium, stratum vascular, myometrium, and perimetrium
81
Endometrium is divided into what two zones?
```
Basal zone (B)
Functional zone (F)
```
82
What is the difference between the functional and basal zones of the uterus?
Functional zone is the superficial layers that will degenerate after pregnancy/estrus
Basal zone is the layer that remains after pregnancy/ estrus
83
Describe the uterine glands within the endometrium
Simple coiled, breached, or tubular glands
| Simple columnar glandular epithelium (secretory and non-secretory cells)
84
What is the stratum vascular and where is if found in the female reproductive system?
Layer of blood vessels and nerves that lies between the myometrium (circular and longitudinal) layers of the uterus
85
What are the two parts of the cervix?
Endocervix and Exocervix
86
What is the function of the cervix?
Seal that prevents organisms or substances from entering cranial vagina
Holds conception products within the uterus until birth
87
What type of epithelium is found within the endocervix?
Simple columnar with mucous secreting cells
88
What are the components of the endocervix?
Epithelium
Tubular cervical glands (small ruminants)
Propria-submucosa with CT and blood vessels
Muscularis externa - inner circular and outer longitudinal s.m.
Serosa - loose CT lined by mesothelium
89
Ectocervix is lined by ____________
Stratified squamous epithelium
90
What are the layers of the vagina?
Mucosa, muscularis, and serosa(cranial)/ adventitia(caudal)
91
The mucousa layer of the vagina contains many folds called _________ separated by channels of variable depth
Rugae
92
What type of epithelium is found in the vagina?
Stratified squamous epithelium with patches of simple columnar epithelium and mucus producing cells
93
What is found in the propria-submucosa of the vagina?
CT and lymphoid follicles
94
What are the cyclical stages of the vaginal epithelium?
Proestrus - early and late
Estrus
Diestrus
Anestrus
95
What types of cells can be found in early proestrus?
All types of epithelial cells as well as erythrocytes and neutrophils
96
What types of cells can be seen in late proestrus?
Lower neutrophils, intermediate and superficial cells dominate
97
What types of cells can be seen in estrus?
Superficial/keratinized cells (almost all); many are anucleate
98
What type of cells can be seen in diestrus?
Decreased number of superficial cells
Increased number of intermediate and parabasal cells
Increased number of neutrophils and some erythrocytes
99
What types of cells can be seen in anestrus?
Parabasal and intermediate cells
Some neutrophils and bacteria
100
What is gray matter predominately made up of? Where is it found in the spinal cord and where is it found in the cerebrum?
Rich in cell bodies
Spinal cord - central
Cerebrum- peripheral (cortex)
101
What is predominately found in white matter? Where is it found in the spinal cord and in the cerebrum?
Myelinated axons
Spinal cord-peripheral
Cerebrum- central
102
The components of the CNS that are of ectodermal origin are?
Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocyte
103
What components of the CNS are of mesodermal origin?
Microglia
| Vascular endothelium
104
Describe the soma of a neuron
Euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus
Basophilic cytoplasm, sometimes granules due to Nissil substance and RER ribosomes
Lipofusin -long lived cell
105
What part of a neuron received stimuli at a synapse?
Dendrite
106
What part of a neuron transmits signals to another neuron/organ?
Axon
107
Define
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Telodendron
Cytoplasm of axon
Membrane of axon
Synapse location
108
A synapse that goes to a cell body is called __________
Axosomatic
109
A synapse that goes to a dendrite is called _______________
Axodendritic
110
A synapse that goes to an axon hillock is called _______________
Axoaxonic
111
Name two free nerve endings and what do they sense?
Nociceptors -pain
| Thermoreceptors - temperature
112
A pacinian corpuscle senses what?
Mechanoreceptor
Deep pressure
(Onion like appearance)
113
The golgi organ senses? Where is it located?
Proprioception / stretching
| Where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendon
114
What does a muscle spindle receptor detect?
Muscle stretch and sense of position
115
What are neuroglia?
Supporting cells within the brain
| Include: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia
116
Where are astrocytes found?
CNS
Protoplasmic -gray matter
Fibrillation -white matter
117
What is the function of astrocytes
Nutrient transport
Maintain ECM
Neurotransmitter uptake
Antigen presentation
118
What is the appearance of oligodendrocytes?
Small dark nuclei (found between myelin sheaths and around neurons)
119
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Develop and maintain myelin in CNS
120
What is a microglia cell?
Resident macrophage of the CNS
| Activated during necrosis/inflammation
121
What is the appearance of a microglia cell when activated?
Smallest cell with dark elongated nuclei
| Cytoplasmic vacuolation due to ingestion of cellular debris
122
What is the appearance of ependymal cells? Where are they located?
Ciliated cuboidal cells
Neural canal, ventricles, and choroid plexus
123
What cells form myelin in the CNS and PNS?
```
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwaan cells (PNS)
```
124
What is the function of myelin?
Conduction and speed of impulses
125
Gray matter in cerebrum arises from ______________
Prosencephalon
126
Elevations of the cerebrum are _____________; depressions of the cerebrum are _____________
Gyri; sulci
127
Tissue surrounding neurons within the cerebrum is called ________
Neuropil
128
What are the layers of the cerebellum gray matter?
Molecular - basket cells
Ganglionic (Purkinje cell layer)
Granular
129
Elevations of the cerebellum parenchyma are called ___________
Folia
130
The fetal cerebellum has an additional layer, what is it and what does it do?
Cortical lamina ->populates the internal granular layer during early postnatal development
131
Collections of neurons in the brainstem are called?
Nuclei
132
What important areas are found within the brainstem?
Medulla and pons
Thalamus -integration center
Hypothalamus - principal control center for hypophysis
133
What are the meningeal layers, superficial to deep?
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter
134
The space between he pia matter and arachnoid matter is called ___________ and contains _________
Subarachnoid space; CSF
135
What are the horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
Dorsal horn
Intermediate
Ventral horn
136
What is found within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
Sensory neurons and glia
137
What is found in the intermediate grey matter of the spinal cord?
Autonomic neurons
138
What is found in the ventral horns of the spinal cord?
Motor neurons and glia
139
The lobes of the white matter in the spinal cord is called _____________
Dorsal/lateral/ventral funiculi
140
Multipolar motor neurons can be found in the ___________ horn of the spinal cord and leave through he ____________________
Ventral; ventral roots
141
Funicular neurons
Travel in dorsal funicles
Sensitive, afferent neurons with long axon which create the ascending tracts of spinal cord. Funicular neurons of the dorsal horn whose axons join the tracts of funiculi, thus forming most of the white matter of spinal cord
142
Associating neurons
Aka interneurons
Small nerves with short axons
Nerves do not leave gray matter/spinal cord
143
Autonomic neurons
Small nerve cells bodies in lateral horns
144
Where are the motor (efferent) tracts located within the spinal cord?
```
Ventral funiculi
Lateral funiculi (pyramidal tracts)
```
145
Where are the sensory (afferent) pathways located within the spinal cord?
Dorsal and lateral funiculi
146
What type of cells line the central canal of the spinal column?
Ependymal cells
147
Pachymenix
Dura mater
148
Leptomenix
Arachnoid and pia mater
149
The arachnoid matter is attached to the _________ matter
Dura
150
What is the function of CSF and where is it produced?
Formed by capillaries and ependymal cells, the choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles of the brain
Nourishes CNS, acts like cushion
151
What is the choroid plexus?
Cluster of arborizing blood vessels covered by thin CT and ependymal cells
152
Nerve fibers are surrounded by _____________; nerve fascicles are surrounded by ____________; nerves are surrounded by _____________
Endoneurium; perineurium; epineurium
153
The cells present in a nerve are ....
Endothelial, fibroblast, and schwaan
154
The cells of a ganglion are..
Neuron, neuroglial cells, schwaan cell, endothelial cell
155
Ganglion are ?
Clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
156
Myenteric plexus
Between the inner and outer longitudinal layers of the tunica muscularis of the GI tract
Autonomic ganglion involved in integration of responses->peristaltic movement
157
What are the functions of the endocrine system
Growth and development
Internal environment
Energy production, storage, and utilization
Reproduction
158
What can hormones be made up of?
Proteins
Amino acids
Steroids
159
how to hormones travel around the body?
Through the bloodstream
160
What is the portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
161
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
Posterior pituitary - neurohypophysis
| Anterior pituitary - adenohyophysis
162
The posterior pituitary is also called the
Neurohypophysis
163
The anterior pituitary is also called the
Adenohypophysis
164
The pituitary gland develops from protrusions of the __________________ and the _________________
```
Oral epithelium (hypophyseal pouch)
Neuroectoderm (neurohypophyseal pouch)
```
165
What are the 3 portions of the neurohypophysis?
Pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, and eminentia mediana
166
How are hormones transported to the posterior pituitary and what causes their release?
Hormones are axonally transported and stored in the neurohypophysis and released into blood to target distant sites
167
What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
```
Antidiuretic homone (ADH)
Oxytocin
```
168
What are Herring bodies
Swellings along these axons where hormones are accumulated (neurohypophysis)
169
What are pituicytes
Support cells
170
ADH is made in the _____________ of the hypothalamus, and oxytocin is made in the ______________ of the hypothalamus
Supraoptic nucleus
| Paraventricular nucleus
171
ADH is released in response to ? And causes ?
High blood osmosity
| Retention of water in the kidney
172
What is oxytocin for?
Mammary milk letdown
173
What are the parts of the adenohypophysis
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
174
What kinds of cells are found in the pars distalis?
Chromophils (acidophils and basophils)
| Chromophobes
175
What hormones are released from acidophils in the pars distalis?
Somatotropes- growth hormone
| Mamotropes- prolactin
176
What hormones are released from basophils in the pars distali?
Tyrotropes- thyrotropin (TSH)
Gonadotropes - FSH and LH
Adrenocorticotropes - adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
177
What is the process to stimulate hormone release from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamic neuron produce releasing hormones into the portal vessels which travel to the adenohypophysis (pars distalis) to stimulate acidophils/basophils release of a second hormone
178
Where is the pars intermedia located and what is released from it?
Located at the interface between pars distalis and pars nervosa at interglandular cleft
Secretes- melanocyte stimulating hormone
179
What is the main function of the pineal gland?
Regulation of daily rhythms of bodily activity
180
What are the secretory cells of the pineal gland and what do they secrete?
Pinealocytes
Melatonin
(Respond to light stimuli in retina)
181
Melatonin
Mainly secreted at night
Involved in signaling time of day or time of year
Antioxidant and immune-enhancing and oncostatic properties
Seasonal reproduction
182
Brown clusters sometimes seen in the pineal gland called corpora arenacea is also known as
Brain sand
| Calcification -increases with age
183
What is the structure of a thyroid gland in light microscopy?
Follicles made up of cuboidal cells. Lining the inside of the follicles are follicular epithelium, cells between follicles are parafollicular epithelium.
Within the follicle is a eosinophilic colloid substance
184
The cells lining the thyroid gland follicles produce ___________ which is stored in the ____________ _____________
Thryroglobulin; follicle lumen
185
What hormone regulates formation of T3/T4 from thryroglobulin?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
186
What is the function of parafollicular cells?
(Also known as "C" or clear cells)
Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium
Target kidney and bone to lower calcium serum levels
187
The parathyroid is involved in regulation of _______ by releasing _____________ hormone
Ca; Parathyroid
188
The cells of the parathyroid are called?
Chief cells
189
What does the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland arise from?
Cortex-mesoderm
| Medulla- neural crest
190
What are the zones of the cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona recticularis
191
The zona glomerulosa secretes ?
Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
192
The zona fasiculata secretes ?
Glucocorticoids - cortisol
| Cells become more arranged in a column
193
The zona recticularis secretes
Androgens
| Foamy appearance of steroid secreting cells; higher number of capillaries
194
The adrenal medulla contains ________________ cells that are _______________ in shape
Chromaffin cell; cuboidal to columnar
195
What is released from the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
196
What are the functional endocrine units of the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
197
The islets of langerhans have different cells types which secrete different products, what are they?
Alpha-glucagon
Beta-insulin
Delta-somatostatin
Other- gastric
198
The main endocrine function of the pancreas is?
Regulation of blood glucose levels
199
What are some of the hormones released by the GI tract?
Gastric
Cholecystokinin - gall bladder contraction
Secretin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide
200
What are the two hormones released by the kidney and what are their function?
Renin- functions in RAAS for control of blood pressure
| Erythropoietin -functions to control erythropoeisis
201
What hormone is released from the heart in response to atrial stretch and what are its effect?
Atrial natiurtic peptide (ANP)
| Na and water loss from distal convoluted tubule (lower blood volume)
202
What are the components of the external ear
Auricle or pinna - elastic cartilage
External ear canal/ auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
203
What glands in the ear produce earwax?
Ceruminous glands
204
What type of glands are ceruminous glands
Simple coiled tubular apocrine glands
205
What types of epithelium covers the tympanic membrane?
Externally- stratified squamous epithelium
| Internally- simple squamous
206
What are the auditory ossicles?
Malleus, incus, and stapes
207
What extends from the middle ear to the pharynx
Eustachian/pharyngotympanic tube (equilization of pressure)
208
In the horse, there is an expansion of the eustachian tube
Guttural pouch
209
What are the two labyrinths of the inner ear
Bony labyrinth
| Membranous labyrinth
210
The bony labyrinth contains ?
Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
211
What are the three spaces in the cochlea
Scalia vestibule
Chochlear duct
Scalia tympani
212
The cochlear duct contains
Endolymph and the organ of corti
213
What is the pathway of sound?
Tympanic membrane -> malleus, incus, and stapes -> vestibular window -> Scalia vestibule -> helicotrema ->. Scalia tympani -> defects cochlear duct and stimulates spiral organ (organ of Corti)
214
The organ of corti contains what 3 cells
Hair cells - stereocilia
Phalangeal cells - support
Pillar cells - move by sound wave every and displace hair cells against tectorial membrane
215
What does the atria vascularis produce?
Endolymph
216
Resonance
Tendency of a system to oscillate at maximum amplitude at a frequency
217
Where along eh basically membrane in the cochlea are high frequency sounds detected
Base
218
Where along the basilar membrane in the cochlea are low-frequency sounds detected
Apex
219
What are the components of the vestibular apparatus
Utricle
Saccule
Semicircular ducts
220
What portion of the vestibular apparatus detects the position of the head and linear movement
Macula utriculi
| Macula sacculi
221
What portion of the head detects angular acceleration
Crista ampularis (semicircular ducts)
222
What are the functions of blood?
Transport of water, solute, and formed elements
Temperature regulation
Water balance
223
Normally, the blood is ____% plasma and ____% formed elements
60% : 40%
224
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma is found in vasculature and has all of its proteins
Serum lacks coagulation proteins
225
How do we measure the number of formed elements of blood?
Complete blood count (CBC)
226
What is the function of erythrocytes and what is their shape?
Carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
Acid-base hemostasis
Biconcave disc with flexible membrane
227
What is the range of lifespan for a RBC?
60-170days
228
How does the caprine, cervid, and camelid erythrocytes differ from each other/ common RBC?
Caprine- Spherical and irregular shape
Cervid-discoid, drepanocyte form after O2 exposure
Camelid- elliptical, flat, thin(respond to water volume)
229
What animals have nucleated RBC, WBC, and thrombocytes?
Bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish
230
What are polychromatophils?
A RBC that is one step back in development
Slightly larger than a RBC
Amphophilic (lavender)
231
What is a metarubricyte
Nucleated RBC
If need in a blood smear -- pathological!
Similar look to lymphocyte but more condensed nucleus and more cytoplasm
232
What are leukocytes? And their function?
WBC
| Immune repose and inflammation
233
What are myeloid leukocytes?
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocytes
234
What are lymphoid leukocytes?
Lymphocytes - T and B cells
235
What is the appearance of a neutrophil in a blood smear?
Nucleus is segmented with dense violet chromatin
236
What is a band neutrophil?
One stage back in development
| Nucleus lacks clear segmentation
237
What is the function of monocytes?
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Iron storage and recycling
238
What is the mononuclear phagocytic system?
Circulating monocytes
Tissue macrophages
Phagocytic cells with single nucleus in both the blood and in tissue
239
What is the appearance of monocytes in a blood smear?
Nucleus - round to indented, dense and clumped
Cytoplasm- scant blue
Reactive lymphocyte: rich blue cytoplasm and paranuclear clear zone
Large granular lymphocyte: red magenta granules usually grouped toward the indentation of the nucleus
240
What is the appearance of plasma cells in a blood smear?
Nucleus: round and eccentric, clumped/ corse chromatin
Cytoplasm: abundant, deep royal blue (basophilic) and prominent paranuclear clear zone
241
How can you tell the difference between a nucleated RBC and a lymphocyte?
nRBC has more cytoplasm and really dark chromatin
242
What is the main function of platelets?
Primary homeostasis and immune response
243
What is the morphology of platelets?
Small discoid fragments
Anucleate
Red-purple in color
244
Thrombocytes are nucleated ______________, found in what species?
Platelets
| Avian/ reptilian/ amphibian/ fish
245
A stain that attracts positively charged/ basic proteins
Eosin
246
A stain that is positively charged, attracting negatively charged/ acidic proteins
New methylene blue
247
Bone marrow is _________________ derived tissue
Mesenchymal
248
What type of marrow produces all blood cells
Red bone marrow
249
As an individual ages, red bone marrow is replaced by what?
Yellow marrow
250
What are the components of bone marrow?
Sinusoids
Stromal cells
Stem cells and precursor cells
Macrophages
251
What is the stroma of bone marrow?
Support structure of the bone marrow (CT network)
252
What cells make up the stroma of the bone marrow?
Mesenchymal cells
| Recticular cells and fibers
253
Hematopoiesis
Process where specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiate cels of peripheral blood
254
What are the postnatal sites of hematopoeisis?
Bone marrow
Liver
Spleen
255
What are the last three steps of erythropoesis?
Metarubricyte (still has nucleus) -> polychromatophils -> mature RBC
256
What is the process of maturation called for eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils?
Granulopoiesis
257
What are the last three steps of neutrophil maturation?
Neutrophilic metamyelocyte -> band neutrophil -> segmented neutrophil
258
What is the process of maturation of a monocytes called?
Monopoiesis
259
What are the last three steps of thrombopoesis??
Promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocytes -> platelet
260
How can you tell the difference between a megakaryocytes and osteoclasts?
Megakaryocytes - multilobed nucleus
Osteoclast - multinucleated that are separate (round and distinct nucleus)
261
B lymphocytes mature where?
Bone marrow
Bursa fabricuius - bird
262
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
263
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Cloaca bursa
264
What are the secondary lymphatic organs
Lymph node
Spleen
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
265
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system
Protect body against pathogenic organisms and their products are to help the removal and disposal of cells undergoing natural/induced degeneration
266
Mononuclear phagocytic system
Fixed macrophage - sinusoids of lymph node, liver, spleen and recticulum of bone marrow
Free macrophage - blood, lung, serous cavities
267
What are your agtigen presenting cells?
Dendritic
Macrophage
B cells
268
What are the stroma cells of the lymphatic system
Reticular cells - support cells
| Epithelial reticular cells - release cytokines to increase cell development
269
What is the source for pluripotent stem cells?
Bone marrow
270
What is a location of Bcell differentiation in birds
Clocal bursa
271
The dark cortex of the cloaca bursa contains what type of cells?
Tightly packed lymphocytes (bcells)
272
The medulla of the cloacal bursa contains what cells?
Lymphocytes, macrophages, rectiuclar epithelial cells.
273
What are the support cells of the thymus?
Reticular network
274
Where do the afferent vessels enter the lymph node
Capsule
275
Where do efferent vessels leave the lymph node?
The hilus
276
What is in the lymph node medulla
Medulla cord
| Medulla sinus
277
What is the flow of lymph
Afferent vessels > marginal subcapsular sinus > cortical (trabecular) sinus > medullary sinus > efferent
278
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymph follicles
Primary- darker
| Secondary- stimulated with pale center (antigen presentation site)
279
What is the area between lymph node follicles
Paracortex / parafollicular
| T cells chill here
280
What are the predominate cells in the parafollicular zone of the lymph node
T cells
281
What are the predominate cells in the lymph follicle
B cells
282
Within the germinal center of the lymph node, what are the three zones ?
Basilar dark zone
Apical light zone
Marginal zone
283
The medulla of the lymph nodes are fed by _____________ sinuses
Trabecular
284
What returns lymph back to the blood?
Thoracic duct
285
What does the spleen do??
Filters blood
Recovers stored iron
Immune response with T and B cells
Stores RBC and platelets
286
Splenic structure ???
Outer caspsule - dense CT
Capsule - trabecule=collagen, elastic, and smooth muscle
White pulp
Red pulp
287
Red pulp of spleen has all the things?
Parenchyma- Macrophage
Blood cells
Venous sinus - long endothelial cells with discontinuous basement membrane
288
What is in the white pulp of the parenchyma?
B cells- lymphoid follicle
| T cells - around central arterioles
289
What is the splenic blood flow?
Central artery > penicilliary arteries > sheathed capillaries > blood enters parenchymal space >sinus system > splenic vein > hepatic portal vein
290
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
Work locally to protect musical surface
| Diffuse lymphoid population in all mucous
291
What are the aggregated lymphatic nodules of the small intestine called?
Peyer's patch
292
What cells are present in the Peyer's patch?
B cells (migrate here for bone marrow)
293
What cells cover the peyer patch domes and what is their function?
Mcirofold (M) cells
| Pinocytose GI contents and secrete onto lymphocyte and macrophage
294
What are the aggregated lymphatic noodles in the pharynx?
Tonsils
| Local production of antibodies
