Digestive tract Flashcards by Amber Heisler

What is homeostasis?

Ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment

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Homeostasis consists of three components what are they?

Sensor, Effector, and control center.

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Describe sensor in homeostasis.

Detects a change in internal environment

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Describe effector in homeostasis.

Brings internal condition back to normal

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Describe control centre of homeostasis.

Activates the effector based on info received from the sensor

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In organic molecules include….

Water, ions (sodium, phosphates, hydrogen)

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Organic molecules contain…

Carbon bonded with hydrogen, as well as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.

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What are macromolecules?

Larger more complex assemblies of organic molecules

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Macromolecules often fall into what categories?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid’s.

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How are macromolecules assembled?

Forms through dehydration synthesis

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What is dehydration synthesis?

Water is removed

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What process disassembles macromolecules?

Process called hydrolysis

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What is hydrolysis?

Water is added

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What are carbohydrates main functions?

Energy storage

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What are the subunits of carbohydrates?

Sugars such as glucose and polymers of glucose

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What are some examples of carbohydrates?

Sugars, starches and glycogen

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What is the main function of lipids?

Energy storage and cell membranes

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What are the subunits of lipids?

Glycerol three fatty acids or glycerol and to fatty acids

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What is an example of a lipid?

Fats, oils and phospholipids

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What is the main function of proteins?

Transport, blood clotting, support, immunity, catalyst, and muscle action.

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What are the subunits of proteins?

Polymers of amino acids

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What are examples of proteins?

Hemoglobin, collagen, antibodies, enzymes, Actin, and myosin.

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What is the main function of nucleic acid’s?

Transfer an expression of genetic information

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What are the subunits of nucleic acid’s?

Polymers of nucleotides

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What are the examples of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is a monosaccharide?

Carbohydrate was one sugar molecules

What are the two main types of carbohydrates?

Simple sugar and polysaccharide

What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are chains of monosaccharides

What are the two types of lipids?

Saturated fat and unsaturated fat

What is saturated fats?

They are solid at room temperature, carbon chain has many H Atoms

What is unsaturated fats?

Liquid at room temperature, fewer H atoms

Do carbohydrates store more or do lipids?

Lipids store twice as much as carbohydrates

The chain of two amino acids is called a...

Peptide

Long chains of amino acids are called…

Dipeptide

What is the function of DNA?

Carries genetic information needed to make proteins

What is the function of RNA?

Used in the synthesis of proteins

What are nucleotides?

Nucleotides are monomers of nucleic acid chains

What are the two nucleotides of nucleic acid’s?

RNA and DNA

What are enzymes?

Proteins that act as a catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction without being used up at the end

What are the factors that affect the rate of reaction of enzymes?

Temperature, PH and inhibitors

How does temperature affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?

The temperatures to low bonds holding shape is not flexible, when Temperature is too high bonds holding the molecule are broken

What are the four functions of the digestive system?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

What is ingestion?

Food taken in the mouth and mechanically broken down using the teeth

What is digestion?

Food broken down mechanically (chewing) and chemically (enzymatic)

What is absorption?

Nutrients absorbed from small and large intestines into the blood and lymph

What is elimination?

Removal of indigestible/unabsorbed materials from body, also known as defecation

What are the two components of the digestive system?

The digestive tract and the accessory organs

The digestive track consists of…

Organs that contain food and include, mouth, esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine.

The accessory organs consist of…

Structures that help indigestion by secretion of chemicals and include, salivary gland’s, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver.

What is physical digestion?

Food broken down by chewing

What is chemical digestion?

Food undergoes chemical breakdown to a form where it is easily absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to all body cells

What structures are involved in the mouth?

Teeth, tongue, and salivary gland‘s

What is the pharynx?

The cavity between the mouth and the esophagus

What is the epiglottis?

Small flap of tissue that closes over the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs

What is peristalsis?

Series of contractions and relaxations that propel food through the esophagus

The inner walls of the stomach are lined with epithelial cells, what do the form?

Clusters of these cells form gastric glands that secrete gastric juice

What is in gastric juice?

Contains water, mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin

What is chyme?

Is a mixture of food and gastric juice. Is a Thick yellow liquid empties the stomach to the small intestines in small amounts

Describe the functions of the small intestine.

Receives chyme from the stomach, mixes chyme With secretions from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

The small intestines are subdivided into three regions what are they?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

What does the pancreatic juice do?

Breaks down carbohydrates, attacks lipids, split proteins and peptides

What is the main function of the large intestine?

To concentrate and eliminate waste by absorbing extra water and salts

What is the large intestine and made up of?

Caecum, colon, and rectum

What does the colon do in the large intestines?

Re-absorbs water that has entered alimentary canal

Where is faeces stored?

In the rectum until eliminated

What are the functions of salivary gland’s?

Moyston food, produce saliva

What is the function of the liver?

Stores glucose in the form of glycogen, detoxifies blood, secretes bile

Bile is produced by the liver but stored in the…

Gallbladder

The pancreas has a secretory called exocrine, what are the functions of exocrine?

To secrete digestive enzymes in sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid

Which biological molecules store information?

Nucleic acid

This element is a component of almost all biological molecules, what is it?

Carbon

What is the correct order of the digestive system?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

What does salivary amylase digest?

Starches

Food in the stomach is called…

Chyme

Pepsin and tryspin Break down what nutrient?

Proteins

Food before it reaches the stomach is called…

Bolus

Digestive tract Flashcards

(76 cards)