discourse analysis Flashcards
1
Q
………………A pair of utterances in conversation of which the second is a conventional response to the first, e.g. question/ answer.
a) adjacency pair
b) anaphora
c)coherence
A
a) adjacency pair
2
Q
………………….The convergence of two grammatical structures into one to create a double meaning.
A
ambiguity
3
Q
……………The use of a term as a pro-form to make a textual connection to something previously referred
A
anaphora
4
Q
The Prime Minister arrived. He …
“he” here is an……………
A
anaphoric reference to The Prime Minister.
5
Q
…………………it refers to what comes later
A
cataphoric
6
Q
When he arrived, the Prime Minister
is an example of?
A
cataphoric reference
7
Q
………………..) The interpretation of a text so that it makes sense.
A
coherence
8
Q
………………The linking together of parts of a text by means of proforms of various kinds
A
cohesion
9
Q
…………………The co-occurrence of words in text,
A
collocation
10
Q
unforeseen circumstances, dense fog are both an example of ?
A
collocations
11
Q
………………The rheme interpreted as what P1 wants to say on a topic.
A
comment
12
Q
……………………….the knowledge of what constitutes the communicative use of language and which enables users to make judgments about how far a particular use is possible, feasible, appropriate, and perform.
A
communicative competence
13
Q
………………..The display of the different co-texts of occurrence of particular words, typically the result of the computer analysis of a corpus.
A
concordance
14
Q
…………………….the associations that are called up by a word,
A
connotation Suggestive meaning
15
Q
the word lion suggests bravery in many people’s minds. is an example of a?
A
connotation Suggestive meaning
16
Q
what type of sentence is KEEP OFF THE GRASS?
a) imperative
b) declarative
c) interrogative
A
a) imperative
17
Q
Languages are traditionally recorded for us in pragmatic terms. true or false?
A
false,analytic
18
Q
We identify a piece of language as a……………..as soon as we recognize that it has been produced for a communicative purpose.
A
text
19
Q
we can not identify a text as a purposeful use of language without necessarily being able to interpret just what is meant by it. true or false?
A
false, we can
20
Q
the text KEEP OFF THE GRASS is intended as…….
a) requests
b) warning
c) prohibition
A
c) prohibition
21
Q
the text ‘HANDLE WITH CARE’ or ‘THIS SIDE UP’ is intended as…….
a) requests
b) warning
c) prohibition
A
a) requests
22
Q
we make sense of a text by relating the to two contexts………….., ……………..
a) text, discourse
b) referential/ pragmatic
c) perceptual/ conceptual
A
c) perceptual/ conceptual
23
Q
all texts have only a straightforward function. true or false?
A
false, some of them have complex purposes.
e.g. newspaper——-> factual accounts/ certain point of view
travel guide——-> provide info/ promote attractions
24
Q
all texts are uses of language which are produced with the intention to refer to something for some purpose.true or false?
A
true
25
Texts do not mediate meaning but are used to contain it across discourses. true or false?
false, contain/ mediate
26
the degree of convergence is always the same when mediating a sentence. true or false?
false, the degree of convergence varies a good deal.
As we all know from our own experience, no matter how explicitly we think we have textualized what we want to say, there is always the possibility that it will be interpreted otherwise.
27
..................refer both to what a text producer meant by a text and what a text means to the receiver.
Discourse
28
................are the perceptible traces of the process, not itself open to direct perception, of mediating a message.
texts
29
spoken texts in spoken language NEED to be recorded. true or false?
false, They can, of course, be recorded, but do not need to be, and usually are not.
30
written text is regulated on-line to negotiate whatever convergence between intention and interpretation is required for the purpose. true or false?
false, spoken text
31
written text will often make a convergence between intention and interpretation more difficult to achieve. True or false?
true
32
tones of voice, varying stress, pauses, and so on are called ................
paralanguage
33
paralanguage appear in written text. true or false?
false, spoken
34
when the text is accompanied by, and related to other modes of communication -pictures, diagrams, charts, and so on. it is called ............
multimodal
35
when we use language we only present the meaning that is encoded in it. true or false?
false,we exploit them as a potential resource for making meaning of our own.
36
The encoded meanings are pragmatic meanings and are what is described in dictionaries and grammar books. true or false?
false, semantic meaning
37
we always make this semantic meaning serve a pragmatic purpose.true or false?
TRUE
38
having an agent in a text is crucial. true or false?
false, A text includes some information, specially in the written form or printed form. Thus, it is noteworthy that the agent of a text is not crucial:
39
The information present in a text like a subject
textbook, an essay, or a press release where the information is merely reported with or without an agent or a speaker is usually non‐interactive. true or false?
true
40
.................a sequence of paragraphs that represent an extended unit of speech.
TEXT
41
....................is a fundamental factor in a text.
a) pragmatic cohesion
b) grammatical cohesion
c) interactive quality
b) grammatical cohesion
42
.................is the analysis of the grammatically cohesive sentences, imparting some information.
textual analysis
43
.............is often conversational communication between people.
A discourse
44
..................a social
event of multi‐layered communication in a variety of media: verbal, textual, visual, and audial, that has an interactive social purpose.
discourse
45
what are the three elements of discourse
1-......................
2-......................
3-...........................
1- the agent (who to whom)
2- the purpose (the social purpose)
3- the medium (verbal, written, audio, or visual).
46
A text is necessarily non‐interactive while
discourse is necessarily interactive. true or false?
true
47
a text does not necessarily indicate an agent whereas the agent is a crucial element in a discourse. true or false?
true
48
....................an object that can be read, whether it is a work of literature, a lesson written on the board, or a street sign. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message.
A TEXT
49
.............referred to authentic daily communications, mainly oral, included in the wide communicative context.
discourse
50
.....................refer to
the totality of codified language used in a particular field of intellectual inquiry and of social practice (e.g. medical discourse, legal discourse, etc.).
discourse
51
a ................is made up of sentences having the property of grammatical cohesion. ........................deals with cohesion. ................... is the use of such sentences. Discourse is made up of utterances having the property of coherence.
text/ text analysis/ discourse.
52
.................is defined as the quality of being logical, consistent, and able to be understood.
a) cohesion
b) coherence
c) articulate
b) coherence
53
.................refers to the degree to which sentences are connected so that there is a flow of ideas.
Cohesion
54
connectives operate within sentences and Conjunctions relate to meaning between sentences. true or false?
false, Conjunctions operate within sentences and connectives relate to meaning between sentences.
55
a text can be internally cohesive but be incoherent‐that is, make no sense. true or false?
true
56
................... devices are words or phrases that show
the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech. words like “for example”, “in conclusion”, “however” and “moreover”.
Cohesive devices
57
knowing the grammar of a language is the same as knowing how to describe it. true or false?
false,knowing the grammar of a language is not the same as knowing how to describe it
58
They has it in a safe place put and it will not to find.
does this sentence exemplifies a possible sentence in English? why?
no, it does not conforms to the encoding conventions of the standard language
59
reference is a kind of semantic meaning. true or false?
false, pragmatic meaning
60
what is the pragmatic kind that relates to the interpretation of this sentence (The taxi will be here in a quarter of an hour.) in this way, might be a promise (I have arranged everything. The taxi will be here in a quarter of an hour), or advice (You should pack your bags. The taxi will be here in a quarter of an hour).
illocutionary act
61
what kind of pragmatic meaning that achieves this (the language can be used to talk about something, to express a proposition of some kind.)
Reference
62
Without the contextual co-ordinates, the referential possibilities of any expression would, of course, be limited. true or false?
false, Without these contextual co-ordinates, the referential possibilities of this expression would, of course, be endless
63
what kind of pragmatic meaning happens when The speaker is not just acting, but acting upon the other person, to bring about a certain state of mind or course of action?
perlocutionary effect.
In promising, she or he may be intending to reassure the other person (Don't worry, I have arranged everything ...), or the advice may be meant to stir him/ her into action (Hurry up!)
64
our knowledge of the encoded possibilities in the language delimits the range of pragmatic interpretation. true or false?
true
65
our communicative competence incorporates both a knowledge of what is ................. as possible in the language and a knowledge of how these encodings are used appropriately in ...............
encoded/ context
66
what are the Four aspects of communicative competence?
1-.............................................
2-...............................................
3-.............................................
4-..........................................
1- feasibility ( processible)
2- possible ( grammatically will-formed
3- appropriate context ( discourse)
4- frequency (performed)
67
.............our recognition of the extent to which a particular expression can be readily processed. ..
feasibility
68
"This is the corn the rat the cat the dog chased killed ate. "
can this sentence be recognized as feasible?
No, relatively unfeasible.
69
...............occurs when two distinct structures converge into one single sequence of sentence constituents
Ambiguity
70
Visiting aunts can be boring.
the previous sentence suffers from................ which violates one factor of communicative competence called...............
ambiguity- feasibility
71
Perfectly possible expressions in a language can NEVER be lacking in feasibility. True or false?
false, may, then, be relatively lacking in feasibility.
72
there is no direct correspondence between feasibility and grammatical well-formedness. true or false?
True
73
the development of corpus linguistics over recent years helped communicative competence to help one of its factors which is...................
frequency
74
what linguistic description ( corpus) can do is turn......
........ knowledge into..................... ones.
a) ambiguous/ clear
b) incorrect/ correct
c) procedural /overt and declarative
c) procedural /overt and declarative
75
the patterns of frequency and co-occurrence that this reveals CAN NEVER be independently described without reference to the particular contextual conditions in which the text was produced, or the pragmatic meanings that were achieved in producing them. True or false?
false, it can be
76
So the context of an utterance cannot simply be the situation in which it occurs but the features of the situation that are taken as relevant. true or false?
true
77
context is an external set of circumstances. true or false?
false, context is not an external set of circumstances but a selection of them internally represented in the mind.
78
....................is an abstract representation of a state of affairs.
context
79
context NEED TO BE constructed directly from the immediate concrete situation. true or false?
false,It can be entirely independent of such situational factors. Consider again the utterance overheard in a crowded train.
80
is the situation contextually relevant in these sentences?
1-Terribly crowded tonight.
2-Excuse me, this is my station.
yes
81
typically where and when a written text is read is quite different from where and when it was actually produced. true or false?
true
82
does text establish context?
No,but serves to activate it in the reader's mind. And once activated, it can be extended by inference.
83
context is a .....................context.
a) social
b) financial
c)psychological
c)psychological
84
...................a conceptual-representation of a state of affairs.
context
85
: once a degree of contextual convergence is initiated, it provides the conditions for further convergence.True or false?
true
86
P1 and P2 refer to?
first-person party/the second-person party
87
the failed communication can be saved if the interaction is ................
( written or spoken)
spoken
88
generally speaking, all texts are recipient-designed in one way or another so that if you are not the recipient who is, so to speak, designated, you are likely to have problems keying into the context that the text producer presupposes. true or false?
true
89
..............the pointing out of something immediately and perceptibly present in the situation of utterance: that door there, this door here.
deixis
90
context is confined to what is situationally present in the here and now. true or false?
false, is not confined
91
word forms frequently encode more than one pragmatic meaning and these are recorded in a dictionary. true or false?
false, semantic meaning
92
.............is saw how people make sense of text, whether spoken or written, by relating it to what they know of the world they live in, the ideational and interpersonal schemata that represent the customary and conventional ways in which their socio-cultural reality is structured.
schematic knowledge.
93
people don't need semantic knowledge in order for this schematic knowledge to be pragmatically activated as appropriate. True or false?
false, people NEED semantic meaning
94
the schemata that we are familiar will determine our interpretation. true or false?
false, the schemata that we are familiar with will dispose us to interpret a text along certain lines, they do not therefore determine our interpretation. If they did, not only would we never learn anything new, but we could hardly be said to be engaging in communication at all
95
How much convergence is achieved in the communication will naturally depend on there being a measure of correspondence between P1 and P2 knowledge. true or false?
True
96
writing is a relatively easy ability to acquire, and reading is a relatively difficult one. true or false?
false, writing is a relatively difficult ability to acquire, and reading a relatively easy one.
97
the closer the correspondence the easier it is, potentially, to converge, and the less close the greater the need to negotiate a convergence. true or false?
true
98
the degree of convergence that we seek to achieve is regulated by the purpose of our communication. true or false?
true,the degree to which the parties actually converge does not just depend on how far they are able to do so; it also depends, crucially, on how far they want or need to do so
99
it is guaranteed that if p2 understands one kind of pragmatic meaning of what p1 said, they'll understand the two other types of pragmatic meaning. true or false?
false,P2 may understand what P1 intends to refer to by saying something, but not what illocutionary force is intended, or may recognize the intended force but not grasp what effect it is meant to have.
100
"do not provide more or less, information than is necessary. " is the principle of?
The quantity maxim
101
it p1 overestimates the extent of shared contextual knowledge, then what they say will be heard or read as pointlessly wordy, or verbose. . true or false?
false,if they overestimate the extent of shared contextual knowledge, and so under-textualize, then what they say will be heard or read as obscure.
102
if p1 underestimates how much context is shared and so over-textualize by producing too much language, then what they say will be heard or read as pointlessly wordy, or verbose. true or false?
true
103
having a degree of textualization that serves the genre they are written in follows the principle of?
The quantity maxim
104
One thing to note about the quantity maxim, then, is that, if it is to serve its co-operative function, its application must depend on ............and ........................
context-purpose
105
flouting the maxim of quantity is known as....................
a) semantic incompetence
b)convention incompetence
c) Conversational implicature
c) Conversational implicature
106
if a jury asks you to "tell the court what you did on the morning of February 10th? " and you answered by giving more information than needed and not excluding what is common knowledge, what'd the jury think?
a) that you are probably nervous, and will offer you a drink
b) that you're an idiot and can't be trusted
c) that you're doing this deliberately and are likely to be penalized for contempt of court.
c) that you're doing this deliberately and are likely to be penalized for contempt of court.
107
When people say more than seems warranted, we might suspect them of...................
a) being lonely and needing someone to talk to.
b)beating about the bush' so as to impress us, or hide something from us.
c) that they are just chatty like that 🤷♀️🤷♀️🤷♀️
b)beating about the bush' so as to impress us, or hide something from us.
108
"be truthful and do not say things you know to be false. " is the maxim of............
quality
109
This bag weighs a ton.
The drinks cost a fortune.
My brother is a pig.
all these examples are a violation of the maxim of.................. to give a sense of.......................
quality- exaggeration/emphasis
110
the flouting of the quality of maxim is rarely used in conversations. true or false?
false, The deliberate flouting of this maxim is a naturally creative process that goes on all the time.
111
In an obituary or funeral oration, your are expected to follow the quality of maxim?
noooooooooooooo, tell anything but the truth.
112
"make what you say relevant to the topic or purpose of the communication. " is the maxim of...............
relation
113
"be clear, avoid ambiguity and obscurity. " is the maxim of ......................
MAnner
114
If you want to get ahead get a hat.
The car in front is a Toyota
Nokia-connecting people.
all these sentences violate the maxim of..............
manner
115
communication is an exercise in ................
a) convergence
b) empathy
c) power
c) power
116
calling Tony Blair "Bush's Poodle" plainly flouts the .............. maxim
a) quality
b) quantity
c)manner
a) quality
117
there won't always be different grammatical structures and different lexical items available for referring to the 'same' thing in a variety of ways. true or false?
false, there will .thereby allowing for the expression of attitude, personal evaluation, point of view
118
adjectives like idealistic, single-minded, and self-assured often have negative connotations to them. True or false?
false, they are generally taken as positive
119
the corresponding words
doctrinaire,
narrow-minded
cocky
are generally taken as negative. true or false?
true
120
The verbs withdraw, decline, and negotiate are usually..........................
a)positive
b) negative
a)positive
121
the words retreat, refuse, and haggle are usually positive. true or false?
false, negative
122
people usually don't keep to the Gricean maxims but they always keep to the semantic convention. true or false?
false, they do not keep to semantic convention either.
123
..................Those who follow this approach are particularly concerned with (and concerned about) the use (and abuse) of language for the exercise of sociopolitical power.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA)
124
CDA followers think those who compose texts are taken to be not so much individuals as socially constructed spokespersons or representatives of discourse communities. true or false?
true
125
critical discourse analysts enquire into the role played by ..............
a) pragmatic knowledge
b) schematic knowledge
c) semantic knowledge
b) schematic knowledge
126
CDA only deals with the ideational NOT ideological representations of reality. TRUE OR FALSE?
false, not only with ideational but also ideological representations of reality,
127
CDA think that people are not only influenced by ideology but they actually construct it in what they say, and in ways that are most likely to persuade others to comply with it. true or false?
True
128
CDA's refuse to call themselves activists as they are simply analysts.True or false?
false, Its proponents are not simply analysts but activists.
129
CDA thinks that some ideologies are motivated against the interests of the deprived and the oppressed. and those are the ones they focus mostly on. true or false?
true
130
if a writer is simply not aware of using any certain ideology does that mean their text is not worth analyzing. true or false?
false, for the choice of a particular expression may well be made subliminally, below the level of conscious awareness, and so can still be taken as evidence of an underlying ideological attitude, all the more insidious, indeed, for being instinctive
131
this sentence "an army of refugees" violates the maxim of.....................
quality
132
what is the underlying ideology of a writer who says "an army of refugees"?
a) he thinks that these refugees are numerous.
b) he is sympathizing with them.
c) he thinks they are dangerous
c) he thinks they are dangerous
133
"The refugees were driven back and many of them were injured." what motivates the deletion of the "by" at the end of the sentence?
a) gloss over the responsibility of the police
b) condemn the police
c) condemn the refuges
a) gloss over the responsibility of the police
134
English grammar always constrains the providing of an agent in the passive tense. true or false?
false, With the passive, the grammar does not constrain you to provide an agent
by + the agent
135
if a writer felt reluctantly obliged to mention the police in the sentence above he would add it in?
a) the theme of an agent
b) the rheme
c) omit it altogether
b) the rheme
136
how a particular part of a text is understood depends on its connection with what has gone before. True or false?
true
137
...........................their function is to regulate information in relation to what is already given or known to make it easier to process.
cohesive devices
138
a theme can either serve as a .................. or..........................................
topic (what P1 is talking about)
given (what P2 already knows).
139
we can assign ideological significance to any text with only the lexical and grammatical features. true or false?
false, we need the co-textual relations also.
140
what kind of communicative competence treats the text simply as a collection of linguistic elements.
The possibility, We can say how far it is possible, that is to say how far it conforms to what is lexically and grammatically encoded in the language.
141
what kind of communicative competence deals with how easy a text is to process, and t how it keys in with shared knowledge?
feasibility
142
what kind of communicative competence deals with how the text can be related to context to bring about reference, force, and effect.
appropriate ( discourse)
143
what kind of communicative competence deals with whether and to what extent a particular text is attested as actually occurring usage?
frequency (conventions of usage. )
144
what kind of communicative competence deals with whether and to what extent a particular text is attested as actually occurring usage?
frequency (conventions of usage. ) the performed
145
all lexical and grammatical elements are equally possible and equally common in the linguistic code. true or false?
false, they are obviously not all equally common in actual usage.
146
if an occurrence of a word is abnormally rare then it creates an/a..............................
a) collocation
b) implicature
c) exception
b) implicature
147
the.................. of a word means their distribution in different domains of use.
a) frequency
b) kind
c) range
c) range
148
what is the domain that has a high frequency of omitting the definite article?
a) teaching
c) newspaper
b) medical records
c) newspaper
149
relative frequency pay no mind to what genres the words are in. true or false?
false, So relative frequency can be taken as having a schematic significance in that certain words mark particular genres or discourse domains.
150
if words like" customer, consumer "appear in the discourse domain of clinical medicine or education.
what can we infer from that?
a) that a customer is ill or in need of education
b) that the writer thinks that health care is some kind of commodity
c) trick question, we can't infer anything from that
b) that the writer thinks that health care is some kind of commodity
151
corpus can show us ........................... , ...................., .......................................... of words
range, frequency, and co-occurrence.
152
the word pious often come with the word .................................
a) hope
b) shame
c) conclusion
a) hope
153
the word forgone often comes with the word .............
a) conclusion
b) fate
c) circumstances
a) conclusion
154
noun collocation can only happen between two lexical items. true or false?
false, collocation goes beyond the relationship between two lexical item
include many other recurring combinations in phrases like: as a matter of fact, all things considered, when all's said and done, all things being equal, for better or for worse, and so on.
155
.................displays all the occurrences of a particular word in lines of text so that one can see at a glance where co-textual combinations recur.
a) corpus
b) discourse
c) concordance
c) concordance
156
the words big and large, little and small have the same collocational preferences. true or false?
false, occur with different overall frequencies, but to have rather different collocational preferences.
157
words that are marked for intensity normally combine with "very" or appear in the frame" it is not—that". true or false?
false, they usually don't combine with "very"
for example, intensity is already a semantic feature of amazing and astonishing so they do not need the word " very"
158
we can explain particular collocational combinations in texts by identifying the more general semantic properties of the words concerned. true or false?
true
159
what corpus analysis does is that it analysis text and nor discourse. true or false?
true
160
.....................refers to a single stimulus‐plus response sequence by the participants.
Adjacency pair
161
........................have been analyzed in terms of their role in initiating, maintaining and closing conversations (e.g. the various conversations of greeting, leave‐taking, topic‐ changing).
Adjacency pair
162
..................refers to a word or sentence which
expresses more than one meaning.
Ambiguity
163
.......................ambiguity in which alternative constituent structures can be assigned to a construction.
a) grammatical ambiguity
b) transformational ambiguity
a) grammatical ambiguity
164
...............................the alternative semantic
representations can be shown only by relating the ambiguous sentences to different structures.
a) grammatical ambiguity
b) transformational ambiguity
b) transformational ambiguity
165
A sentence with more than two structural interpretations is said to be ..................
multiply ambiguous.
166
................. is due to the alternative meanings of an individual lexical item e.g. “I found the table fascinating”, (= “object of furniture” or “table of figures”.
a) grammatical ambiguity
b) transformational ambiguity
c) lexical ambiguity
c) lexical ambiguity
167
the word Ambiguios and vague are synonyms to each other. true or false?
false, ambiguity is different from vagueness: an ambiguous sentence
has more than one distinct structure; a vague sentence permits an unspecifiable range of possible interpretations
168
vagueness happens when a sentence
has more than one distinct structure. true or false?
false, a vague sentence permits an unspecifiable range of possible interpretations
169
vagueness is unstateable in syntactic or phonological terms. true or false?
True
170
“He didn’t hit the dog”
this sentence is ......
a) ambiguous
b) vague
c) perfectly explainable
b) vague
171
"each other" and "one another" are types of reflexive pronouns which are also types of Anaphor. true or false?
false, reciprocal
172
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves are types of reflexive pronouns which is a type of Anaphor. true or false?
true
173
.........refers to a type of NP which has no independent
reference, but refers to some other sentence constituent (its antecedent).
a)Anaphor
b)pronoun
c) cataphora
a)Anaphor
174
.......................the process or result of a linguistic unit referring back to some previously expressed unit or meaning.
Anaphora
175
........the process or result of a linguistic
unit referring forward to another unit.
Cataphora (Cataphoric):
176
.....................refers to the main principle of organization postulated to account for the underlying functional connectedness or identity of a piece of spoken or written language (text, discourse).
Coherence
177
....................refers to the Syntactic or Semantic connectivity of lx forms at a surface structure level of analysis.
cohesive
178
The criterion that states that new Elements cannot usually be inserted into words in normal speech, but only at word boundaries..........................................
a) coherence
b) uninterruptability
b) uninterruptability
179
coherence refers to those surface‐structure features of an utterance or text which link different parts of sentences or larger units of discourse. true or false?
false, cohesion
180
pronouns, articles, and some types of adverbs are all devices of ...............
a) coherence
b) cohesion
b) cohesion
181
..................................refers to the habitual co‐occurrence of individual lexical items.
collocation
182
"postman", "pillar‐box", and "spick and span" are all types of sense associations that tend to include idiosyncratic connections. true or false?
false, they are types of collocation
183
auspicious collocates with .............
a) sign
b) graphic
c) anniversary
a) sign
184
....................................is the part of the sentence which says something further about the topic.
the comment
185
"the girl was going to fail her exams and disappoint her parent for the third time in a row"
" the girl" is the topic rheme while " was going to fail her exams" is the comment theme. true or false?
false, topic theme / comment rheme
186
..................is a type of clause referring to an optional structure whose function is to add a parenthetic comment to another clause.
a) comment
b) cohesion device
c) rheme
a) comment, e.g.= you know, to be honest, they say, generally speaking. Several of these act as stereotyped conversation fillers, with several complex functions, e.g. you see, mind you, I see.
187
..................... focuses on the native
speaker’s ability to produce and understand sentences which are appropriate to the context in which they occur – what he needs to know in order to communicate effectively in socially distinct settings.
Communicative Competence
188
.................................refers to a formal relationship between elements, whereby a form of one word requires a corresponding form of another.
a) collocation
b) concordance
c) concord
c) concord,
e.g. singular subject co‐ occurs with the 3rd person singular form of the verb in the present tense
he walks
189
.....................main application is
with reference to the emotional associations (personal or communal) which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit, especially a lexical item.
a) denotation
b) communicative competence
c) connotation
c) connotation
190
............................covers the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non‐linguistic entities to which it refers.
a) denotation
b) communicative competence
c) connotation
a) denotation
191
the connotation of the lexical item "December" is that it's the last month of the year. true or false?
false, The connotations of the lexical item December might include “bad weather”, “dark evenings”, or “parties”, “Christmas”
192
.............................A linguistic unit which is a component of a larger construction. A sentence can be analyzed into a series of constituents such as subject + predicate, or NP+ VP …. An NP might consist of a determiner and a noun.
a) concordance
b) collocations
c) constituent
d) connotation
c) constituent
193
...........includes the total non‐linguistic background to a text or utterance.
a) co-text
b) situational context
c) transformational context
b) situational context
194
................................the implications which can be deduced from the form of an utterance, on the basis of certain co‐operative principles which govern the efficiency and normal acceptability of conversations.
a) Conventional implicatures
b) conversion
c) Conversational implicature
c) Conversational implicature
195
.........................................are attached by convention
to particular expressions, e.g. utterance‐initial oh, the use of therefore, even and yet, and the sequence of the type He is an Englishman; therefore he is brave.
.a) Conventional implicatures
b) conversion
c) Conversational implicature
.a) Conventional implicatures
196
................................it states that speakers try
to cooperate with each other when communicating. They will attempt to be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear (maxims of “quantity”, “quality”, “relation” and “manner”). Listeners will normally assume that a speaker is following these criteria.
a) discourse
b)Cooperative principle
b)Cooperative principle
197
..............................to deduce implications from what has been said concerning what has not been said.
conversational implicatures
198
...................A collection of Linguistic Data, either written texts or a transcription of recorded speech, which can be used as a starting point of linguistic description or as a means of verifying hypotheses about language.
corpus
199
co-text is reserved for situational environments while context is reserved for linguistic ones. true or false?
false,
co-text -----> linguistic
context -----> situational
200
denotation equals connotation. true or false?
غلط طبعا يا معلم انت بتقول ايه
201
...........involves the relationship between a linguistic unit (especially a lexical item) and the non‐linguistic entities to which it refers – it is thus equivalent to referential meaning.
a) denotation
c) connotation
a) denotation
202
.............................a continuous stretch of “especially
spoken” language larger than a sentence. More generally it is a set of utterances which constitute any recognizable speech event, e.g. a conversation, a joke, a sermon, an interview.
Discourse
203
God save the Queen,
The more the merrier,
How do you do?,
Many happy returns
are all kinds of..........
a) metaphors
b) formulaic languagee
b) formulaic language “stereotyped sentences”.
204
............................utterances which lack normal syntactic or morphological characteristics.
Formulaic Language
205
..........The general overarching guideline
thought to underlie conversational interactions: make your contribution appropriate to the conversation.
a) corpus
b) concordance
c) co-operative principle
c) co-operative principle
206
................a body of written or spoken material gathered together for linguistic analysis. Nowadays, such data are normally stored in machine‐readable form on a computer.
a) corpus
b) concordance
c) co-operative principle
a) corpus
207
...................Forms whose use and interpretation depend on the location of the speaker and/or addressee within a particular setting (e.g., this/that, here/there).
a) deictics
b) discourse
c) hedges
a) deictics
208
.....................The set of entities to which a word or expression refers (also called its referents or extension).
a) connotation
b) denotation
c) deictics
b) denotation
209
....................................a set of utterances produced by a speaker.
a) discourse
b) text
c) locutionary
a) discourse
210
............maintains the other person’s reputation, dignity, credibility, and the like.
a) face‐threatening
b) Face‐saving language
b) Face‐saving language
211
............Knowledge that the speaker
assumes is available to the addressee at the time of the utterance, either because it is shared by both or because it has already been introduced into the discourse
a) new information
b) convergence
c) given information
c) given information
212
......................................The status of a sentence that speakers judge to be a possible sentence of their language.
a) feasibility
b) frequency
c) grammatical
c) grammatical
213
...............Speakers' ability to produce and understand and an unlimited number of
utterances, including many that are novel.
a) communicative competence
b) linguistic competence
b) linguistic competence
214
..........The specific principles that ensure that
conversational interactions satisfy the cooperative principle.
a) grammatical rules
b) maxims
c) principles of communication
b) maxims
215
..........................a principle that is thought to underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: avoid ambiguity and obscurity; be brief and orderly.
a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation
c) maxim of manner
216
..............................a principle that is thought to
underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: Try to make your contribution one that is true. (Don’t say things that are false or for which you lack adequate evidence.
a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation
a) maxim of quality
217
................................a principle that is thought to
underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: Don’t make your contribution more or less informative than required.
a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation
b) maxim of quantity
218
.....................................a principle that is thought to underlie the efficient use of language and is formulated as: Be relevant.
a) maxim of quality
b) maxim of quantity
c) maxim of manner
d) maxim of relation
d) maxim of relation
219
................The knowledge that is introduced into the discourse for the first time.
a) theme
b) new information
c) given information
b) new information
220
.............The study of various factors involved in
appropriate use and understanding of language.
a) syntax
b) semantics
c) pragmatics
c) pragmatics
221
.........................the speaker’s intentions and how they are surmised by the addressee, the speaker’s and addressee’s background attitudes and beliefs, their understanding of the context in which the utterance is made, and their knowledge of how language can be used for a variety of purposes.
a) syntax
b) semantics
c) pragmatics
c) pragmatics
222
............................The study of meaning in human language.
a) syntax
b) semantics
c) pragmatics
b) semantics
223
....................The written version of any utterance or body of discourse.
a) text
b) textual analysis
c) textualization
a) text
224
.....................What a sentence or group of sentences is about.
a) comment
b) topic
b) topic
225
.........................any bit of talk produced by a speaker
that is distinct from other bits of talk in a speech situation.
a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance
c) utterance
226
.................................the field that deals with
the organization of texts including ways in which parts of texts are connected and the devices used for achieving textual structure.
a) discourse analysis
b) contrastive analysis
c) applied linguistic
a) discourse analysis
227
......................markers that occur over the
length of a bit of discourse separating one “unit of talk” from a previous one (e.g., well, y’know).
a) intonation
b) discourse markers
c) conversation markers
b) discourse markers
228
...........................Pitch movement in spoken utterances
that is not related to differences in word meaning.
a) intonation
b) discourse markers
c) conversation markers
a) intonation
229
Words/phrases that make statements less assertive (maybe, sort of)............
a) hedges
c) intonations
c) assertive
a) hedges
230
.........................refers to a sentence where, for reasons of economy, emphasis, or style, a part of the structure has been emitted, which is recoverable from a scrutiny of the context.
a) Ellison
b) ellipsis
c) elequey
b) ellipsis
231
(A: Where are you going? B: To town).
is a form of?
a) Ellison
b) ellipsis
c) cliquey
b) ellipsis
232
the term ellipsis would be used in sentences like "thanks" and "yes" as it's grammatically clear. True or false?
false,
it is grammatically unclear what the full form of such sentences might be (e.g. “thanks is due to you”? “I give you thanks”?), and in such circumstances the term “ellipsis” would probably not be used.
233
................................They are also sometimes referred to as reduced, contracted or “abbreviated” constructions.
a) elliptical construction
b) filler construction
a) elliptical construction
234
the rules governing "elliptical" constructions are intensely studied and researched. true or false?
false, the rules governing their occurrence have received relatively little study.
235
.................... a form which can be used at a given
place, or slot, in structures.
a) filler
b) ellipsis
c) Ellison
d) hedges
a) filler
236
.........................The linguistic system of an individual speaker.
a) idiosyncratic
b) idiolects
c) idiot 🤡
b) idiolects ( his personal dialect. )
237
.....................the distinctive use of patterns of pitch, or melody.
a) tone
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range
c) intonation
238
........................is a signal of grammatical structure, where it performs a role similar to punctuation in writing, but involving far more contrasts.
a) tone
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range
c) intonation
239
the rising and falling pitch indicates if you're asking or telling which is a part of intonation. true or false?
True
240
................. can communicate personal attitude: sarcasm, puzzlement, anger … can all be signaled by contrasts in pitch, along with other prosodic paralinguistic features.
a) tone
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range
c) intonation
241
intonation can NOT signal social background. True or false?
false,
Other roles of intonation in language have been suggested, e.g. as one of the ways of signaling social background.
242
..................as a sequence of pitch
levels, or “tones”, but this use of “tone” is different from that encountered in the phrase tone language, where it refers to the use of pitch to make contrasts of meaning at the word level.
Intonation
243
..................as a sequence of pitch
levels, or “tones”,
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range
c) intonation ,
but this use of “tone” is different from that encountered in the phrase tone language, where it refers to the use of pitch to make contrasts of meaning at the word level.
244
..................as a sequence of pitch
levels, or “tones”,
b) stress
c) intonation
d) range
c) intonation,
but this use of “tone” is different from that encountered in the phrase tone language, where it refers to the use of pitch to make contrasts of meaning at the word level.
245
.................. refers collectively to variations in pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm.
a) prosody
b) speech acts
c) intonations
a) prosody
246
all the “suprasegmentals” are synonyms for prosody. true or false?
false, Sometimes it is used loosely as a synonym for “suprasegmentals” but in a narrower sense it refers only to the above variables, the remaining suprasegmental features being labelled paralinguistics.
247
...............are features extending over stretches of utterance Not only would pitch stress and juncture patterns be subsumed under the heading of prosody, but such features as secondary articulations would also be included, e.g. lip‐rounding or nasalization.
prosodies
248
...........................refers to a theory which analyses the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of speaker and hearer in interpersonal communication.
a) tag question
b) prosodies
c) parole
d) speech act
d) speech act
249
begging, commanding, and requesting are the directive speech acts. true or false?
true
250
(promising, guaranteeing) is a kind of ................................. speech act.
a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives
b) commissives
251
apologizes, welcomes, sympathizes are a kind of ............ speech act.
a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives
c) expressives
252
the speaker’s utterance brings about a new external situation, e.g. christening, marrying, resigning are a kind of ............. speech act.
a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives
d) declaratives
253
the speaker conveys his belief about the truth of a proposition, e.g. asserts, hypothesizes is a king of .................................. speech act.
a) directives
b) commissives
c) expressives
d) declaratives
e) representatives
e) representatives
254
The verbs which are used to indicate the speech act
intended by the speaker are sometimes known as ..................
a) speech act verbs
b) performative verbs
b) performative verbs
255
The criteria which have to be satisfied in order for a speech act to be successful are known as......
a) filling
b) felicity
c) falling - harry styles ( very good song btw)
b) felicity
256
.................... refers to a question structure usually consisting of an auxiliary verb plus pronoun, attached to the end of a statement in order to convey a negative or positive orientation.
a) tag statement
b) tag questions
b) tag questions
257
tag questions are invariable in English unlike french and german. true or false?
false,
It maybe invariable, as in French “n’est‐ce pas”, German “nicht wahr”, or variable as in English.
258
.................linguistic resources used to provide the cohesion that is necessary for discourse to be perceived as an organized whole.
a) cohesive devices
b) coherence devices
a) cohesive devices
259
.................................a speaker’s underlying knowledge of the linguistic system and the norms for the appropriate socio‐cultural use of language in particular situations.
a) linguistic competence
b) communicative competence
b) communicative competence
260
...........This shows which words occur in
the neighborhood of certain other words in a corpus.
a) concordance
b) concord
c) collocation
a) concordance
261
..........................The set of associations that a word’s use can evoke (e.g; winter evokes short days and long
nights, snow, bare trees …).
a0 connotation
b) denotation
c) reference
connotation
262
............................One or more words that occur together as a syntactic unit (e.g., The apple fell onto the floor).
a) connotation
b) denotation
c) collocation
d) constituent
d) constituent
263
................information that is conveyed through inference but is not actually said.
a) conversational implicature
b) convention implicature
a) conversational implicature
264
.......................an act which is performed when an utterance achieves a particular effect on the behavior, beliefs, feelings … of a listener. E.gs. include utterances which frighten, insult, ridicule, sympathize, persuade... .
a) reference
b) illocutionary
c) perlocutionary
c) perlocutionary
265
..............is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction, and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication.
a) syntax
b) symantics
c) pragmatics
c) pragmatics
266
................: the items in a sentence which substitute for other items or constructions. The central class of e.g. pronouns, which substitute for NPs. Other proforms replace adverbials (e.g. then, there) predicates (e.g. I like films. So do I), and even whole clauses or sentences (I said so).
a) anaphoric reference
b) cataphoric reference
c) pro-forms
c) pro-forms
267
the unit of meaning which constitutes the subject‐matter of a statement in the form of a simple declarative sentence.....................
a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance
b) proposition
268
the proposition can only be expressed in the same linguistic form. true or false?
false, Different linguistic forms can be shown to express the same preposition (e.g. the cat ate the meat, and the meat was eaten by the cat ..).
269
..............The entity (object, state of affairs …) in the external world to which a linguistic expression refers: e.g. the referent of the word table is the object “table”.
a) reference
b) illocutionary
c) perlocutionary
a) reference
270
.................a property arising from the meaning relations between lexical items and sentences.
a) The extra linguistic notion of referenc
b) with the intra linguistic notion of sense
b) with the intra linguistic notion of sense
271
................................state a relationship pf identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun “refers” to a Noun or an NP. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse.
a) reference in grammatical analysis
b) reference in the pragmatic analysis
a) reference in grammatical analysis
272
.............the part of a sentence that adds most to the advancing process of communication (it has the highest degree of communicative dynamism)
a) theme
b) rheme
c) comment
b) rheme
273
The theme carries the highest degree of communicative dynamism. True or false?
false, The theme by contrast, carries the lowest degree of communicative dynamism.
274
........................a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language.
a) syntax
b) pragmatics
c) semantics
c) semantics
275
synonymy and antonymy are types of ...............
a) syntax
b) pragmatics
c) semantics
c) semantics
276
..................the largest structural unit in terms of which the grammar of a language is organized.
a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance
a) sentence
277
Several linguists insist on making a systematic
distinction between sentence (a theoretical unit defined by grammar) and utterance (a physical unit, a matter of speech production, or performance).
true or false?
TRUE
278
a sentence is a physical unit, a matter of speech production, or performance. true or false?
false, an utterance
279
..........................the extra linguistic setting in which an utterance takes place‐referring to such notions as number of participants, level of formality, nature of the ongoing activities.
a) place, time
b) situation
c) sentence
b) situation
280
the linguistic meaning of an utterance would be equivalent to its sociolinguistic interpretation, e.g. religious, political, or informal “situations”. true or false?
false, situational meaning
281
............the basic unit for the analysis of
spoken interaction.
a) speech event
b) speech act
c) sentence
a) speech event
282
................a stretch of language recorded for the purpose of analysis and description.
a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance
d) text
d) text
283
............are seen as language units which have a definable communicative function, characterized by such principles as cohesion, coherence, and informativeness, which can be used to provide a formal definition of what constitutes their identifying textuality or texture.
a) sentence
b) proposition
c) utterance
d) text
d) text
284
A similar “distinction” sees “discourse ” as a notion that applies to surface structure, whereas “text” applies to deep structure. True or false?
false, text - discourse
285
........................a dynamic process of expression and interpretation whose function and mode of operation can be investigated using psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics, as well as linguistic techniques.
a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance
b) discourse
286
some linguists have defined
“text” as an abstract notion, discourse being its realization. true or false?
true
287
text is usually thought of as dialogue usually of greater length. true or false?
false, Discourse
288
texts are thought of as monologues, usually written, and often very short. true or false?
TRUE
289
...............the first major constituent of a sentence.
A) theme
B) rheme
A) theme
290
'John Smith my name is"
what is the topic in this sentence?
a) john smith
b) is
c) my name
c) my name
291
.............................The person or thing about which something is said.
a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) topic
d) topic
292
the topic needs to coincide with the subject of a sentence. true or false?
false, The topic often coincides with the subject of a sentence (e.g. A man is coming to the door), but it need not (e.g. There’s the man who gave you a lift)
293
the topic is often called.......................
a) subconscious subject
b) psychological subject
b) psychological subject
294
.................a stretch of speech about which no assumptions have been made in terms of linguistic theory (as opposed to the notion of sentence, which receives its definition from a theory of grammar).
a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance
d) utterance
295
.....................“a stretch of speech preceded and followed by silence or a change of speaker”.
a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance
d) utterance
296
it is a physically definable, behavioral unit, capable of definition in everyday terms................
a) text
b) discourse
c) sentence
d) utterance
d) utterance
297
all of these are modes for knowing or approaching a language except:
a)psychological b) philosophical c)mathematical d)theological
a
298
there are five modes of reality. true or false?
false, three
