intro to linguistics Flashcards
1
Q
what is the belief that language is the gift of the gods to humans
A
the divine source
2
Q
what is belief predicates that humans were created from the start with an innate capacity to use language.
A
the divine source
3
Q
who made the experiment that concluded that the origin of language is in Phrygian?
A
Pharaoh Psammetichus I
4
Q
the theory that believes that Primitive words are considered to be imitations of natural sounds that people hear around them.
The natural sound a bird makes is argued to have been used to describe that particular animal.
A
The natural sound source
5
Q
The sounds of a human engaged in an activity requiring physical effort could be the source, is the theory of?
A
The social interaction source
6
Q
The physical characteristics that other creatures don’t have that would support speech production. Those physical features enable us to utter speech sounds and ultimately speak a human language.
is the theory of?
A
The physical adaptation source
7
Q
the belief that manual gestures of human hands may have been a precursor (originator) of language.
A
The tool-making source
8
Q
what is the theory that believes that there must be some genes responsible for language production in the brain?
A
the genetic source
9
Q
……………………. the scientific or systematic study of language.
a) linguistics
b) intro to linguistics
c) pragmatics
A
a
10
Q
………….. it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages.
A
linguistics
11
Q
knowing a language does not entail knowing the sounds of that language. true or false?
A
false, Knowing a language includes knowing the sounds of that language
12
Q
……………….the scientific study of speech sounds.
a) phonology
b) phonetics
c) phonotactics
A
b
13
Q
It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received.
……………………….
A
phonetics
14
Q
focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of language.
a) auditory phonetics
b) acoustic phonetics
c) articulatory phonetics
A
a
15
Q
focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of language.
a) auditory phonetics
b) acoustic phonetics
c) articulatory phonetics
A
b
16
Q
focuses on how the speech sounds are articulated
a) auditory phonetics
b) acoustic phonetics
c) articulatory phonetics
A
c
17
Q
a constant can be lenis( voiceless) or fortis ( voiced). true or false?
A
false,
Voiced (lenis)
Voiceless (fortis)
18
Q
the feature of voiced/ voiceless can be determined by the position of theee tongue. true or false?
A
false, according to vibration of vocal folds/cords
19
Q
Voiceless means the vocal cords are apart. So, when the air stream passes through them, there would be no vibration. true or false?
A
true
20
Q
when the vocal cords are closed the constant produced is called voiceless. true or false?
A
false, voiced
21
Q
the sounds produced are called oral when the velum is lowered. true or false?
A
false, it’s called nasal
22
Q
There’s a closure/stricture closes the air passage in
……………..
a) fricatives
b) affricatives
c) plosives
A
c
23
Q
the sound /P/ is described as…………….
a) voiced/bilabial/fricative
b) voiced/bilabial/stop
c) voiceless/bilabial/ stop
A
c
24
Q
the sound /b/ is described as
…………….,………………,…………….
A
voiced/bilabial / plosive
25
the sound /t/ is described as..............,......,.............
voiceless/alveolar/plosive
26
the sound /d/ is described as.........,.........,..........
voiced/alveolar/plosive
27
the sound/k/.............,.............,............
voiceless/velar/plosive
28
the sound /g/ ...,........,..............
voiced/velar/plosive
29
the sound/f/...................,............,.............
voiceless/labiodental/ fricative
30
the sound /v/.................,.,,,,,,,,,,.,............
voiced/labiodental/fricative
31
the sound /θ/ .................,...............,...........
voiceless / dental / fricative
32
the sound /ð/..................,..................,............
voiced/ dental/ fricative
33
the sound /ʃ/ ............,................,..............
voiceless/ palatal/fricative
34
the sound / ʒ/.................,.................,...........
voiced/palatal/fricative
35
the sound /h/ ..................,.........,.................
voiceless / glottal/ fricative
36
the sound / tʃ/ ...........,...............,.............
voiceless/palatal/ affricate
37
the sound /dʒ/ .............,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,..............
voiced/palatal/affiracte
38
the sound / n/ ....................,......................,..................
voiced/alveolar/nasal
39
the sound /m/ ...............,.....................,....................
voiced/bilabial/ nasal
40
the sound /ŋ/ ......,........,................
voiced/velar/nasals
41
the /l/ .............,......................,......................
voiced/alveolar/liquids
42
the /r/ ...................,..........................,...............
voiced/ alveolar/ liquids
43
the sound /w/ .............,......................,.....................
voiced/bilabial/glides
44
the sound /j/ ......................,............................,...................
voiced/ palatal/glides
45
These are sounds formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia). .....................
bilabial
46
These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip.
labiodental
47
the description of the last phoneme in the word "cough" is
voiceless/labiodental/fricative (F)
48
These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
dental
49
the dental sound in words like the, there, then, and thus is θ. true or false?
false, / ð /
50
These are sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth.
alveolar
51
the sound /s/ .......................,.......................,................
voiceless/alveolar/fricative
52
the sound /z/ ..................,................,.................
voiced/alveolar/fricative
53
There is only one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth which is ..................
/h/ glottal
54
the manner of “stopping” of the air stream (very briefly) then letting it go abruptly..............
plosive
55
the manner of blocking the air stream and having the air push through the very narrow opening...............
fricatives
56
If you combine a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be able to produce......................
affricates
57
the manner of articulation in the first phonemes of words like "joke" "cheap" and "jeep" is
a) fricative
b) affricate
c) plosive
b
58
the manner of articulation in words like "morning" and "knitting "name is .................
nasals
59
the liquids are always voiceless. true or false?
false, always voiced
60
the manner of articulation that is formed by letting the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge?
liquids
61
the liquids [l], [r] and glides [w], [j] are combined in one category called “............................”
a)vowels
b)flaps
c) approximants
c
62
occurs when the space between the
vocal folds (the glottis) is closed completely (very briefly), then released.......................
glottal stop ʔ
63
in American speech, there is no difference between " latter/ladder" and" metal/medal" because of the glottal stop. true or false?
false< because of the flap
64
vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air. true or false?
true
65
the position of the vowel in "bead" is " high, front " . true or false?
true
66
the position of the vowel /i/ is "low,back". true or false?
false, "high,front"
67
the position of the vowel in"bid, myth, women" is "front".true or false?
true
68
the vowel in "bed, dead, said" is "mid, front". true or false?
true
69
the vowel /ɛ/ is "central" . true or false?
false, "front" ex"bed,dead,said"
70
the vowel in " bad, laugh, wrap" are "low, front". true or false?
true
71
the vowels in " above, oven, support" are central. true or false?
true
72
the vowel / ʌ / is back vowels. true or false?
false, central "butt,blood,tough"
73
the vowels in "boo,two" are "high,back". true or false?
true
74
the vowel /ʊ/ is "high, front". true or false?
false, "high,back" ex "book,could,put"
75
the vowel / ɔ / is a front vowel. true or false?
false, back vowels ex"born, caught, fall, raw"
76
the vowel /a/ is a back vowel. true or false?
true ex"bob,cot,swan"
77
the movement in the vowel /aI/ is from high to low vowel. true or false?
false, low to high ex " hi,bye"
78
the dipthong in the words "buy,eye,i,my,pie" is................
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
a
79
the diphthong in words like "bough, doubt, cow" is..............
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
b
80
the diphthongs in "bait, eight, great, late, say" is
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
c
81
the diphthongs in "boat, home, throw, toe" is..............
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /oʊ/
d
82
the diphthongs in 'boy, noise" is .................
a) /aI/
b) /aʊ/
c) /eI/
d) /ɔI/
d
83
the "dark" L comes before vowels and /j/. true or false?
false, the clear L
84
‘dark’ /l/ occurs before consonants and in word-final position e.g. help, almost, tell
TRUE OR FALSE?
true
85
the clear L is with the front part of the tongue toward the soft palate. true or false?
true
86
in case of the dark /l/ the back part of the tongue is raised. true or false?
true
87
The sound is made by raising the center of the tongue towards the soft palate..........................
a) /r/
b) /w/
c) /j/
c (palatal semi-vowel)
88
consonants that are midway (in the middle) between a consonant and a vowel........................
approximants /glides/semi-vowels
ex:/r/ /w/ /j/
88
..................is known as a Labio-velar (bilabial) semi-vowel
/w/
89
/r/ sound is similar to /j/ sound but the lips are rounded. The tongue is raised slightly more to the direction of the soft palate (velum). true or false?
/w/ sound
90
.....................is made when the tip of the tongue is held close to the place after the alveolar ridge (but not touching).
/r/
91
.................is known as a
Post-alveolar Approximant
/r/
92
/r/ is not pronounced if it's followed by a vowel. true or false?
false, It is pronounced if it is followed by a vowel
E.g. red, arrive, hearing
93
/r/ is not pronounced at the end of words (with some accents) and when it is followed by a consonant. true or false?
true e.g car, ever, here, hard, verse
94
lax vowels are also known as short vowels. true or false?
true
95
tense vowels are also know as short vowels. true or false
false, long
96
to describe vowels we indicate raising or lowering the body of the tongue toward the roof of the mouth (the palate) as the ...................
height
97
to describe vowels we indicate advancing or retracting the body of the tongue forward toward the teeth or backward toward the back of the throat. as the....................
backness/frontness
98
to describe vowels we indicate rounding or not rounding the lips.
as the....................
roundness
99
to describe vowels we indicate making these movements with a tense or lax gesture in the lips or tongue as the....................
tenseness
100
If you repeat to yourself the vowel sounds in seat, set, sat, you will find that you open your mouth a little wider as you change from each sound.
true or false?
true
101
the vowels in "bee,bed,cat" are back vowels. true or false?
false, front vowels
102
the vowels in “You,” “Show,” and “Father” are back vowels. true or false?
true
103
the tongue can also be pushed forward or pulled back within the oral cavity. which is called ...................
tongue advancment
104
Vowel quality also depends on lip position. When you say two, your lips are unrounded.
For tea, however, they are rounded. true or false?
false
two ------> rounded
tea----------------> unrounded
105
when the difference in pronouncing the vowel is in the the tension of the tongue muscle it is called..................
tenseness
106
tense vowels are usually higher and longer than lax ones. true or false?
true
107
the vowel in "cream,seen,sea,see" is
a)short,low,back,rounded vowel
b) long,high,front, spread vowel
c) long,high,back, spread vowel
b
108
the vowel in " bit,sillly,pin,sit is
...................., ......., ..........................,.................
short,high,front,spread vowel
109
the vowel /e/ as in "bet,head,get,beg" is
............., ..............., .............. ,. ...............
short,mid,front,spread vowel
110
'MONO' in greek means .....................
one
111
........................shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position.
monophthong
112
.......................is a vowel that a person has to move his or her mouth into two different positions.
diphthong
113
...................a field of linguistics which studies the general rules/systems that govern sounds.
a) phonetics
b) phonology
b
114
speech-sounds are often called
a)phonemes
b)allophones
c) phones
c
115
phones are usually divided up into two categories: ........................ and ..........................
phonemes- allophones
116
.........................one of the set of speech sounds that serve to distinguish one word from another.
phonemes
117
...................................are the variations of a phoneme
allophones
118
a prefix that means 'different " or "various ........................
ALLO
119
phonemes function .................
a)simultaneously
b)conversely
c)conventionally
d)contrastively
d
120
allophones are written in slashes, while phonemes are written in brackets. true or false?
false, the opposite
121
we test phonemes using allophones. true or false?
false, using minimal pairs
122
When two words are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme occurring in the same position..................
minimal pair
123
"bat/fat" "bat/bet" are both example of ................
minimal pairs
124
minimal pair do not need to have different meaning. true or false?
false, they must
125
minimal pairs need to be in the same position. true or false?
true
126
The rules that determine the possible onsets or codas are called.................................
phonotactics
127
"tactics" in "phonotactics" refer to .............
a) strategy
b) number
c) restrictions
c
128
no English word can start with [mb]. true or false?
true
129
English words can start with /ŋ/. true or false?
false,
130
a syllable must contain a consonant. true or false?
false, vowel
131
syllable which end in a vowel are called................
open syllables
132
syllables which end in a coda are called .........................
closed syllables
133
words like "eye ,or ,ear,air,a " only have.......................
nucleus
134
....................The study of the origin and history of a word.
a) coinage
b) etymology
c) entomology
b
135
one of the least common processes of word formation is ....................
a) coinage
b) borrowing
c)compounding
a
136
, the invention of totally new terms, typically trade names..............
a) eponyms
b) compounding
c) coinage
c
137
when trade names are used as coinage they usually written with capital letters. true or false?
false
138
all of these are examples of coinage except ...........
a) sandwich b)volt c) kleenex d) teflon e) xerox
a/b (eponyms)
139
The most salient contemporary example of coinage is the word ................
google
140
, one of the most common sources of new words in English is the process .......................
a) borrowing
b) compounding
c) coinage
a
141
the taking over of words from other languages. .................
borrowing
142
the word dope was borrowed from..............
dutch
143
the word croissant was borrowed from................
french
144
the word lilac was borrowed from ................
Persian
145
the word piano was borrowed from
Italian
146
the word pretzel was borrowed from
german
147
the word sofa was borrowed from
arabic
148
the word tattoo was borrowed from
tahitian
149
the word tycoon was borrowed from
japanese
150
the word yogurt was borrowed from
turkish
151
the word zebra was borrowed from
bantu
152
the word "lehnwort" in german is an eample of..................
compounding
153
the process of compounding is very common in spanish and French. true or false?
false, in English and German
154
accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word................
a) compounding
b)clipping
c)blending
c
155
"brunch" , "motel" ," telecast", "bit " are all examples of .....................
blending
156
fax is an example of blending. true or false?
false, clipping
157
when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form.........................
clipping
158
clipping usually begins with formal speech. true or false?
false, casual
159
In this process, a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then -y or -ie is added to the end. ..............................
a) hypocrisy
b)hypervigilant
c)hypocorisms
d)hypomania
c
160
"movie, barbie, telly, brekky, hankie" are all examples of ..............................
hypocorisms
161
when word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a
verb). .......................
backformation
162
which word came first babysit or babysitter ?
babysitter
163
the word "opt is a backformation from..................
option
164
the difference between conversion and backformation is that conversion is without any reduction. true or false?
true
165
"guess, must , spy " are nouns wich converted into verbs . true or false?
false, verbs to nouns
166
" wannabe" is a type of
a) blending
b) compounding
c) conversion
d) clipping
c ) from verb " want to be "
167
"carpool, mastermind, microwave, quarterback , ball-park " are all words with two word formation processes........
a) backformation , compounding
b) conversion , compounding
c) backformation , blending
d) conversion , clipping
b ) from noun to verb
168
the most common word- formation process to be found in the production of new English words. ..........
a) derivation
b0compounding
c) blending
a
169
The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences is called ...........................
grammar
170
traditional grammar is the grammar of Latin and Greek. true or false?
true
171
the most widespread and elaborate grammar and is widely used in language teaching...............
traditional/pedagogical/ educational grammar
172
traditional grammar is used to describe parts of speech. true or false?
true
173
words like "a , an, the " which are used to classify or identify things are called..................
articles
174
the words "yesterday , very , really" are types of .................
adverbs
175
words like " at , in , on , with ,near, with , without " are types of
preposition
176
words like(and, but, because, when) are types of ..............
conjunctions
177
categories, including “number,” “person,” “tense,” “voice” and “gender.” are usually discussed in terms of .............................
agreement
178
he, she, it is a .......................... person singular
third
179
grammatical gender is tied to sex. true or false?
false
180
Spanish has three genders. true or false?
false, german
181
You must not split an infinitive.
You must not end a sentence with a preposition
are kinds of ................................... approach
prescriptive
182
structural analysis is a type of prescriptive approach. true or false?
false, descriptive
183
the constituent analysis uses test frames. true or false?
false, structural analysis
184
The technique employed in this approach is designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents.
a) prescriptive approach
b) structural anaiysis
c) constituent analysis
c
185
When we concentrate on the structure and order of components within a sentence, we are studying the grammar of a sentence. true or false?
false, syntax
186
the goal of syntactic analysis, which is to have a small and finite (i.e. limited) set of rules that will be capable of producing a large and potentially infinite (i.e. unlimited) number of well-formed structures. true or false?
true
187
generate grammar is a limited set of rules that are used to generate structure. true or false?
true
188
the distinguish between active and passive sentences in on the deep structural level. true or false?
false, surface structural
189
This other “underlying” level, where the basic components (Noun Phrase + Verb + Noun Phrase) shared by the two sentences can be represented, is called .......................................
deep structural
190
the grammar must be capable of showing how a single underlying abstract representation can become different surface structures. true or false?
true
191
"Annie bumped into a man with an umbrella. "
is an example of ............................
structural ambiguity
192
Rules can be applied more than once in generating (producing) sentences is
..................................
recursion
193
............................as sequences of sounds that can be represented in the phonetic alphabet and described in terms of their features.
linguistic expression
194
the " y" in " the lucy boys" is described morphologically as ...................
derivational
195
the "s" in "the lucky boys" is described morphologically as ..............................
inflectional
196
natural gender is used in traditional grammar. true or false?
true
197
natural gender is based on (masculine /feminine) while grammatical gender is based on (male/female). true or false?
false, the opposite
198
in grammatical gender, nouns are classified according to their gender class. true or false?
true
199
It involves labelling the grammatical categories in sentences ( traditional grammar)
a) prescriptive
b) descriptive approach
a
200
..................................................is to divide sentences into successive layers, or constituents, until, in the final layer, each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word
constituent analysis
201
in Scottish Gaelic verbs come first in a sentence. true or false?
true
202
in Scottish Gaelic adj comes before nouns. true or false?
false, after
203
syntax is about how words are inflected, conjugated, declined according to aspect, degree, gender, number, person, tense, etc. true or false?
false, grammar
204
..........................is roughly about word order. It is the grammar of sentence construction.
syntax
205
"sema" in greek means?
sign
206
The study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. ................................
semantic
207
semantic meaning likes to account for subjective or local meaning. true or false?
false, objective and general meaning only
208
words as containers of meaning are called pragmatic features. true or false?
false, semantic features
209
“The hamburger ate the man.”
“My cat studies linguistics.”
“The table listens to the radio.”
those sentences are syntactically wrong. true or false?
false, Syntactically correct sentences but semantically odd.
