disease dilemmas

Question 1

infectious diseases

Answer 1

spread by pathogens

Question 2

contagious diseases

Answer 2

spread from person to person

Question 3

comunicable diseases

Answer 3

infectious diseases which spread form host to host but which do not require quarantine

Question 4

malaria deaths 2018

Answer 4

405,000

Question 5

zoonotic diseases

Answer 5

infectious diseases transmitted from humans to animals, around 60% of infectious diseases.

Question 6

non comunicable

Answer 6

non infectious, e.g. rickets, diabetes, heart disease, cancer

Question 7

endemic

Answer 7

permanently in a geographical area or group

Question 8

epidemic

Answer 8

outbreak of disease which affects many people at the same time and spreads through a population. e.g. ebola 2014, 25,000 infected, 10,500 deaths.

Question 9

plague and spanish flu stats

Answer 9

75-200 million deaths, 1/2 of Europe population in 4 years, spanish flu affected 1/3 of global population, one in 5 infected died, 50 million died

Question 10

pandemic

Answer 10

epidemic that is spread worldwide

Question 11

non comunicable, degenerative diseases stats

Answer 11

2019, 70% of all deaths. 3/4 in low and middle income countries. non infectious diseases are degenerative and increased with a age. heart disease, strokes. linked to alcohol, cigarettes, physical inactivity and diets.

Question 12

malaria

Answer 12

infectious, non contagious, 2018 220 millon infected. 3.2 bn at risk in 97 countries. caused by anopheles mosquitos.

Question 13

HIV/AIDS

Answer 13

infectious and contagious, 2020 38 million infected, concentration in sub Saharan Africa, Lesotho 1/4 of pop

Question 14

TB

Answer 14

10 million cases in 2018, 1.5m deaths. 95% of deaths in low or middle income. associated with poverty and poor living conditions

Question 15

diabetes

Answer 15

non comunicable, caused by insulin deficiency, affects 400 million and kills 4.2. million. type 1 genetic, type 2 caused by obesity and physical inactivity

Question 16

cardiovascular disease

Answer 16

17m deaths a year, 80% low and middle/ linked to lifestyle, tobacco, diet and physical inactivity and inversely related to income.

Question 17

types of diffusion

Answer 17

expansion- has a source and spreads outwards into new areas, relocation leaves the area of origin and moves into new areas. contagious spreads through direct contact with a carrier, hierarchical spreads through an ordered sequence of places.

Question 18

physical barriers to diffusion

Answer 18

distance, probability of a contagious disease spreading is inversely proportional to distance from source. mountain ranges, seas. political borders–> imposing curfews to limit contact such as in Sierra Leone in 2015 to contain ebola. quarantining aid workers prevented spread to Uk. Wearing face masks and cancelling public events. Vaccines can also protect populations.

Question 19

diseases dependent on climate

Answer 19

malaria, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, need warm and humid conditions. vector decelioment affects by temperatures and behaviour, precipitation creates stagnant pools which allow vectors to complete life cycles.

Question 20

dengue fever

Answer 20

infects 400million, 25,000 deaths aede mosquitos humidity above 95% and temperatures above 32 degrees

Question 21

West Nile virus spread

Answer 21

5500 cases in USA in 2012 culex mosquitos, Lyme disease too spread to USA

Question 22

sleeping sickness stats

Answer 22

endemic in 36 sub saharan African countries, affects 70million. transmitted by tsetse fly. outbreaks occur in 20-26 degree temperatures. as temperatures rise likely to affect more, WHO predicts 77 million more by 2090, however may dissapear from east Africa

Question 23

greece malaria

Answer 23

outbreak in 2009-2010, migration and heatwave

Question 24

reasons zoonotic cases increase

Answer 24

unrestricted movement of wild animals (no physical barriers), controls of diseased domestic animals movements are ineffective, urbanisation creates habitats for animals, low vaccination of pets, hygiene and sanitation poor, prolonged contact between humans and animals e.g. farming

Question 25

Bangladesh river flooding case study.

Answer 25

60% live In farmland areas, 1 billion tonnes of fertile soil created by floods. pop densities as high as 1000 people per km2. 200 rivers, 3 dominant e.g. Ganges. 80% benefits from flooding. climate change increased flood risk, 6 high magnitude floods from 1972 and 2014, 6 consecutive years since. this increases risk of water borne pathogens, e.g. 2020 led to diarrhoea, typhoid.

Question 26

2020 floods Bangladesh

Answer 26

40% country flooded in first 2 months, 3.3 million affected, 750,000 homes waterlogged, 110,000 hectares of crops destroyed, 1900 schools, 83 deaths, 4500 ill. diarrhoea serious as kills one child under 5 evert 2 minutes.

Question 27

Bangladesh mitigation

Answer 27

use of oral rehydration solution, promotion of breastfeeding, water purification tablets, education of women, estimated to save 70,000 in 2015

Question 28

epidemiological transition

Answer 28

1, LE 30, poor sanitation, contaminated water, low standard of living, infectious diseases. 2. industrial societies, advanced in hygiene and technology, epidemics become rare LE 50. 3. post industrial, further improvements in technology, healthcare, hygiene living standards, degenerative diseases become the most common. 4. medical advances delay degenerative diseases,

Question 29

limitations of epidemiological transmission

Answer 29

rate of improving life expectancy slowed, and infectious diseases can still affect ACs, spanish flu and COVID showed

Question 30

non comunicable diseases in Acs

Answer 30

over nutrition, excessive sugar, carbohydrates fats leads to health risks, CVD, diabetes, cancer. obesity physical inactivity. Brazil, 2 cases of underweight for obese in 1974 by 1997 reversed. cancer rates 316 and 253 for males and females per 100k, 103 and 123 for lids

Question 31

comunicable in LIDCs

Answer 31

animal borne, water borne, and food borne. Cholera, typhoid, eliminated in ACs. Inadequate health services, lack of resources, poor living conditions and geography. Food intake leads to malnutrition. Result of too little food and unbalanced diet, shortages of protein and vitamins. poor food intake weakens immune system, diseases such as scurvy.

Question 32

Food intake stats

Answer 32

food intake per capita rose from 1965 to 2015, SSA 37kcals/day, South Asia 396.

Question 33

air pollution and cancer stats in India

Answer 33

pollution in india reduces 660million lives by three years, 99% breathe above safe levels. NO2 and SO2 from vehicles, PM 2.5 leads to respiratory issues. increases risk of lung cancer by 70%. acceptable levels of 2.5 is 40, most of India is 600. of 15 most polluted cities 12 were Indian. respiratory conditions 1.7 times higher in Delhi. one in 5 non smokers. 1 in 68 males lung cancer, 1 in 201 females.

Question 34

indian solutions

Answer 34

priotising economic growth instead, however pressure from civil society and courts, launched clean air programme NCAP. set targets of 30% reduction in PM10 and PM2.5. by 2024, not legally binding targets. In Bihar chimneys reduced smoke emissions, 14 cities building metro, subsidies for petrol and diesel scrapped.

Question 35

global pollution strategies

Answer 35

EU, 1.8bn for member states to support air quality measures, European commission proposed to invest 1bn into 39 Clean transport projects.

Question 36

malaria in Ethiopia case study

Answer 36

anopheles mosquitos, 405,000 deaths in 2019. 94% in Africa in 2018. endemic in 75% of Ethiopia. 70,000 people a year. highlands malaria free. mosquitos thrive in warm, humid climates with stagnant water, endemic in lowlands. low temperatures slow development. population movements and urbanisation have encouraged spread, harvesting leads to movements at peak time during rainy season.

Question 37

impacts of malaria on Ethiopia

Answer 37

5 million epidodes a year, 70,000 deaths, causes absenteeism, 12 billion a year in lost productivity in SSA. Malaria absorbs 40% of health expenditure and 10% of hospital admissions.

Question 38

famines in ethiopia

Answer 38

1980s

Question 39

strategies to control malaria

Answer 39

chloroquine, used by increasing pH, however can be toxic to humans, mefloquine in Thailand used but has psychological impacts, National Malaria Strategic Plan NMSP, in line with Roll back malaria WHO. ITNs, and IRS, 2015 70% of households in endemic areas had either. 2020 Ethiopia set to reduce by 40%, but resistance.

Question 40

cancer in the uk case study

Answer 40

prostate, breast skin cancer increased with income, whereas lung, cervix inverse. Sunbathing and sunbeds increase skin cancer, holidays more affordable in last 50 years. increased income means more meat and dairy consumption, lack of exercise and obesity increases cancer risks. 1/5 of call cancer are smoking related.

Question 41

impacts of cancer in uk

Answer 41

980 diagnosed and 440 die every day, incidence increases of 12% since 1990s. projected 40% increase to 514,000 until 2035. 35,000 working age die a year, 120,000 diagnosed, 1 million caring for cancer patient. 54,000 under 70 would have 585 million to economy.

Question 42

deprivation leading to cancer

Answer 42

deprivation increases likelihood of smoking, alcohol and obesity, higher rates in Manchester and Liverpool, 17 of 50 most deprived areas on merseyside.

Question 43

cancer in uk mitigation

Answer 43

targets to save 5000 lives a year. direct strategies cut as investment into medical technology such as screening for breast and cervical cancers, indirect approaches such as information provision of dangers of smoking. WHO conducts epidemiological research, Cancer Uk operates. skin cancer increases by 3% year on year.

Question 44

WHO

Answer 44

gathers health data, identifies critical matters, supports UN members, collects data from 194 countries, however only recives death data form 100 and 2/3 of global deaths not registered. Strategies such as stop TB, aims to eradicate by 2050, strategies to control AIDS, zika, following Nepal disaster. ebola stepped in to help Liberia.