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Disease List & Clinical Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a soft texture of a lymph node indicate?

A

Insignificant

Soft lymph nodes are typically not associated with serious conditions.

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2
Q

What texture of a lymph node is consistent with lymphoma?

A

Rubbery

A rubbery consistency can suggest the presence of lymphoma.

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3
Q

What does a fixed, firm, hard, and nontender lymph node suggest?

A

Malignancy or granulomatous infection

These characteristics often indicate serious underlying pathology.

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4
Q

What does a tender lymph node indicate?

A

Inflammation

Tenderness in lymph nodes is usually associated with inflammatory processes.

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5
Q

What is the lifetime risk of thyroid cancer in men?

A

0.6%

This statistic highlights the relatively low risk for men compared to women.

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6
Q

What is the lifetime risk of thyroid cancer in women?

A

1.8%

Women have a higher risk of developing thyroid cancer compared to men.

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7
Q

What is diffuse enlargement of the thyroid indicative of?

A

Grave’s disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and endemic goiter

This type of enlargement occurs without the presence of nodules.

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8
Q

What could a single nodule in the thyroid indicate?

A

Cyst, benign tumor, or malignancy

Rapid growth, hardness, or lymphadenopathy increases suspicion for malignancy.

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9
Q

What often causes multinodular goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency

Multinodular goiter is commonly seen in areas with low iodine intake.

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10
Q

What is the consistency of the thyroid in Graves’ disease?

A

Soft, possibly with a bruit

A bruit indicates increased blood flow, commonly associated with hyperthyroid conditions.

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11
Q

What is the consistency of the thyroid in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Firm

Firmness in the thyroid can suggest autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s.

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12
Q

What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Nervousness
  • Weight loss with increased appetite
  • Sweating
  • Heat intolerance
  • Palpitations
  • Frequent bowel movements
  • Muscle weakness
  • Tremor

These symptoms reflect the increased metabolic activity associated with hyperthyroidism.

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13
Q

What are common signs of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Increased systolic BP
  • Decreased diastolic BP
  • Warm/moist skin
  • Tremor
  • Lid lag
  • Exophthalmos

Signs can help differentiate hyperthyroidism from other conditions.

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14
Q

What are common symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Weight gain
  • Dry skin
  • Cold intolerance
  • Edema
  • Constipation
  • Muscle weakness
  • Memory issues
  • Hearing impairment

These symptoms are indicative of decreased metabolic function.

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15
Q

What are common signs of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypothermia
  • Decreased heart sound intensity
  • Coarse skin
  • Non-pitting edema
  • Hair loss
  • Periorbital edema
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Somnolence

These signs reflect the body’s response to low thyroid hormone levels.

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16
Q

What does Jugular Venous Distention (JVD) indicate?

A

Heart conditions

Observation for JVD is part of a comprehensive neck exam.

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17
Q

What characteristics are typical of benign thyroid nodules?

A
  • Mobile
  • Soft
  • Without associated lymphadenopathy

These features suggest a lower likelihood of malignancy.

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18
Q

What characteristics are typical of malignant thyroid nodules?

A
  • Hard
  • Fixed
  • Rapidly growing
  • Associated with cervical lymphadenopathy

These signs raise suspicion for thyroid cancer.

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19
Q

What does swelling in posterior auricular and posterior cervical lymph nodes often indicate?

A

Infections or, rarely, malignancies

This type of adenopathy can be a response to localized infections.

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20
Q

What does cervical adenopathy indicate?

A

Infections, inflammatory conditions, or malignancies

Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes can have various underlying causes.

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21
Q

What is Pemberton’s sign?

A

Facial congestion and cyanosis when the arms are raised

This sign indicates compression of the thoracic inlet by a multinodular goiter.

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22
Q

A lymph node that is hard, fixed, and nontender suggests what?

A

Consistent with malignancy or granulomatous infection

This finding is often concerning for serious pathology.

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23
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for a firm, painless nodule on the thyroid in a patient with a family history of thyroid cancer?

A

Thyroid cancer

Family history and radiation exposure are significant risk factors.

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24
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with diffuse thyroid enlargement and no visible nodules?

A

Diffuse thyroid enlargement, possibly due to Graves’ disease

This condition often presents without nodular formation.

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25
What thyroid condition does a soft nodule with a bruit over the lateral lobes most likely indicate?
Graves’ disease ## Footnote The presence of a bruit suggests increased blood flow associated with hyperthyroidism.
26
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with nervousness, weight loss, and a rapid heart rate?
Hyperthyroidism ## Footnote These symptoms are classic for an overactive thyroid.
27
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with fatigue, weight gain, and bradycardia?
Hypothyroidism ## Footnote These symptoms indicate a deficiency in thyroid hormone.
28
What does prominent neck veins in a seated upright patient suggest?
Jugular Venous Distention (JVD) ## Footnote This can indicate heart failure or other cardiac issues.
29
What does a hard, fixed thyroid nodule with cervical lymphadenopathy suggest?
Consistent with thyroid malignancy ## Footnote These features raise concerns for cancer.
30
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with swollen lymph nodes behind the ear and recent upper respiratory symptoms?
Posterior auricular and posterior cervical adenopathy due to infection ## Footnote This presentation is often seen in viral infections.
31
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with multiple nodules on the thyroid after returning from an iodine-deficient region?
Multinodular goiter due to iodine deficiency ## Footnote Iodine deficiency is a common cause of goiter.
32
What does facial congestion and cyanosis upon arm elevation indicate in a patient with a multinodular thyroid?
Pemberton's sign due to multinodular goiter ## Footnote This sign indicates thoracic inlet obstruction.
33
What does a soft texture of a lymph node indicate?
Insignificant ## Footnote Soft lymph nodes are typically not associated with serious conditions.
34
What texture of a lymph node is consistent with lymphoma?
Rubbery ## Footnote A rubbery consistency can suggest the presence of lymphoma.
35
What does a fixed, firm, hard, and nontender lymph node suggest?
Malignancy or granulomatous infection ## Footnote These characteristics often indicate serious underlying pathology.
36
What does a tender lymph node indicate?
Inflammation ## Footnote Tenderness in lymph nodes is usually associated with inflammatory processes.
37
What is the lifetime risk of thyroid cancer in men?
0.6% ## Footnote This statistic highlights the relatively low risk for men compared to women.
38
What is the lifetime risk of thyroid cancer in women?
1.8% ## Footnote Women have a higher risk of developing thyroid cancer compared to men.
39
What is diffuse enlargement of the thyroid indicative of?
Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and endemic goiter ## Footnote This type of enlargement occurs without the presence of nodules.
40
What could a single nodule in the thyroid indicate?
Cyst, benign tumor, or malignancy ## Footnote Rapid growth, hardness, or lymphadenopathy increases suspicion for malignancy.
41
What often causes multinodular goiter?
Iodine deficiency ## Footnote Multinodular goiter is commonly seen in areas with low iodine intake.
42
What is the consistency of the thyroid in Graves' disease?
Soft, possibly with a bruit ## Footnote A bruit indicates increased blood flow, commonly associated with hyperthyroid conditions.
43
What is the consistency of the thyroid in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
Firm ## Footnote Firmness in the thyroid can suggest autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s.
44
What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
* Nervousness * Weight loss with increased appetite * Sweating * Heat intolerance * Palpitations * Frequent bowel movements * Muscle weakness * Tremor ## Footnote These symptoms reflect the increased metabolic activity associated with hyperthyroidism.
45
What are common signs of hyperthyroidism?
* Tachycardia * Increased systolic BP * Decreased diastolic BP * Warm/moist skin * Tremor * Lid lag * Exophthalmos ## Footnote Signs can help differentiate hyperthyroidism from other conditions.
46
What are common symptoms of hypothyroidism?
* Fatigue * Weight gain * Dry skin * Cold intolerance * Edema * Constipation * Muscle weakness * Memory issues * Hearing impairment ## Footnote These symptoms are indicative of decreased metabolic function.
47
What are common signs of hypothyroidism?
* Bradycardia * Hypothermia * Decreased heart sound intensity * Coarse skin * Non-pitting edema * Hair loss * Periorbital edema * Peripheral neuropathy * Somnolence ## Footnote These signs reflect the body’s response to low thyroid hormone levels.
48
What does Jugular Venous Distention (JVD) indicate?
Heart conditions ## Footnote Observation for JVD is part of a comprehensive neck exam.
49
What characteristics are typical of benign thyroid nodules?
* Mobile * Soft * Without associated lymphadenopathy ## Footnote These features suggest a lower likelihood of malignancy.
50
What characteristics are typical of malignant thyroid nodules?
* Hard * Fixed * Rapidly growing * Associated with cervical lymphadenopathy ## Footnote These signs raise suspicion for thyroid cancer.
51
What does swelling in posterior auricular and posterior cervical lymph nodes often indicate?
Infections or, rarely, malignancies ## Footnote This type of adenopathy can be a response to localized infections.
52
What does cervical adenopathy indicate?
Infections, inflammatory conditions, or malignancies ## Footnote Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes can have various underlying causes.
53
What is Pemberton’s sign?
Facial congestion and cyanosis when the arms are raised ## Footnote This sign indicates compression of the thoracic inlet by a multinodular goiter.
54
A lymph node that is hard, fixed, and nontender suggests what?
Consistent with malignancy or granulomatous infection ## Footnote This finding is often concerning for serious pathology.
55
What is the most likely diagnosis for a firm, painless nodule on the thyroid in a patient with a family history of thyroid cancer?
Thyroid cancer ## Footnote Family history and radiation exposure are significant risk factors.
56
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with diffuse thyroid enlargement and no visible nodules?
Diffuse thyroid enlargement, possibly due to Graves' disease ## Footnote This condition often presents without nodular formation.
57
What thyroid condition does a soft nodule with a bruit over the lateral lobes most likely indicate?
Graves’ disease ## Footnote The presence of a bruit suggests increased blood flow associated with hyperthyroidism.
58
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with nervousness, weight loss, and a rapid heart rate?
Hyperthyroidism ## Footnote These symptoms are classic for an overactive thyroid.
59
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with fatigue, weight gain, and bradycardia?
Hypothyroidism ## Footnote These symptoms indicate a deficiency in thyroid hormone.
60
What does prominent neck veins in a seated upright patient suggest?
Jugular Venous Distention (JVD) ## Footnote This can indicate heart failure or other cardiac issues.
61
What does a hard, fixed thyroid nodule with cervical lymphadenopathy suggest?
Consistent with thyroid malignancy ## Footnote These features raise concerns for cancer.
62
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with swollen lymph nodes behind the ear and recent upper respiratory symptoms?
Posterior auricular and posterior cervical adenopathy due to infection ## Footnote This presentation is often seen in viral infections.
63
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with multiple nodules on the thyroid after returning from an iodine-deficient region?
Multinodular goiter due to iodine deficiency ## Footnote Iodine deficiency is a common cause of goiter.
64
What does facial congestion and cyanosis upon arm elevation indicate in a patient with a multinodular thyroid?
Pemberton's sign due to multinodular goiter ## Footnote This sign indicates thoracic inlet obstruction.

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