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RADT 255 Radiographic Pathology > Disease Process > Flashcards

Disease Process Flashcards

1
Q

study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems

A

pathology

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2
Q

pattern of response of the body to an injury, infection, or metabolic process

A

disease

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3
Q

a disease that has a direct causality - we know what causes the disease

A

iatrogenic disease

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4
Q

a disease that has an unknown cause

A

idiopathic disease

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5
Q

immediate response of tissue to local injury

A

acute inflammation

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6
Q

these injuries can cause acute inflammation

A

blunt trauma, infectious organisms, chemical irritation

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7
Q

a dilation of arterioles and capillaries that produces heat and redness

A

hyperemia

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8
Q

immediate response of inflamation

A

increased blood flow to injured tissue

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9
Q

response pattern of inflammation

A

increased blood blow to tissue, WBCs migrate to interstitial tissue, digestion of dead cells, then repair through new cell regeneration

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10
Q

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

A

edema

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11
Q

pericaditis, pleural effusion, and ascites are types of

A

localized edema

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12
Q

CHF, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal diease are types of

A

generalized edema

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13
Q

meaning of anasarca-

A

generalized, throughout the body

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14
Q

interference of blood supply to an organ or part of an organ that deprives its cells and tissue of oxygen and nutrients

A

ischemia

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15
Q

examples of ischemia

A

arterial stenosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis / emboli

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16
Q

ganclion cells and myocardial cells undergo irreversible damage after how long?

A

after 3 to 5 minutes

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17
Q

localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ cause by occlusion of arterial blood supply or venous drainage

A

infarction

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18
Q

examples of infarction

A

thrombus / emboli or volvulus - twisting of the bowel

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19
Q

severe arterial disease may result in necrosis of small extremities called

A

gangrene

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20
Q

gangrene is an example of

A

infarction

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21
Q

rupture of a blood vessel

A

hemorrhage

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22
Q

some causes of hemorrhage

A

trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, neoplastic erosion of vessel wall

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23
Q

internal hemorrhage - under the skin

A

hematoma

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24
Q

hemo- is the prefix for

A

blood

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25
Q

minimal hemorrhages under the skin

A

petechiae

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26
Q

slightly larger than petechaie hemorrhages

A

purpura

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27
Q

larger than 1-2 cm subcutaneous hematomas

A

ecchymosis

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28
Q

resultant cell growth

A

changes in the number, size of cells, their differentiation and their arrangement may develop in response to physiological stimuli

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29
Q

reduction in size or number of cells

A

atrophy

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30
Q

increase in the size of cells or organ due to a demand for increased function

A

hypertrophy

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31
Q

losing a kidney may result in what type of cell growth

A

hypertrophy

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32
Q

loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

A

dysplasia

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33
Q

dysplasia is often associated with

A

prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation

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34
Q

another name for tumors

A

newplasia “new growth”

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35
Q

abnormal proliferation of cells that do not respond to normal growth factors

A

tumors or neoplasia

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36
Q

tumor cells flourishing while patient becomes weak and emaciated

A

cachexia

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37
Q

swelling produced by edema, hemorrhage in tissue or abnormal cell growth

A

tumors

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38
Q

localized tumors, parenchymal cells, closely resemble tissue of origin

A

benign neoplasm

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39
Q

tumors that evade and destroy, do not resemble original cells, cancerous

A

malignant neoplasms

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40
Q

malignant neoplasms that originate from epithelial cells

A

carcinomas

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41
Q

malignant neoplasms that originate from glandular cells

A

adenocarcinomas

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42
Q

malignant neoplasms that resemble stratified squamous epiothelium

A

squamous cell carcinomas

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43
Q

malignant neoplasms that arise from connective tissue (spread rapidly, highly malignant)

A

sarcomas

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44
Q

examples of carcinomas

A

skin and mucous membrane cancers

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45
Q

examples of adenocarcinomas

A

breast, liver, pancreatic cancer

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46
Q

examples of squamous cell carcinomas

A

lung, head, neck cancer

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47
Q

examples of sarcomas

A

bone, muscle, cartilage cancers

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48
Q

spreading of cancer from original site

A

metastasis

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49
Q

lymphatic spread of cancer

A

carcinomas, lung and breast

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50
Q

seeding of cancer within the body

A

diffuse spread, penetrating wall to another organ

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51
Q

tumors penetrate blood vessels and are released into the blood stream

A

hematogenous spread

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52
Q

assesses a tumors aggressiveness or degree of malignancy

A

grading

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53
Q

what does grading predict

A

responsiveness to treatments

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54
Q

the extensiveness of a tumor as its primary site and the presence or absence of metastases to other organs

A

staging

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55
Q

types of cancer screenings

A

mammography, pap smear, prostate exam

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56
Q

surgical removal of tumors are used for which type of cancers

A

localized tumors

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57
Q

radiation therapy is used for which tumors

A

fast growing, undifferentiated tumors

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58
Q

hormonal therapy does what to tumors

A

inhibits groth

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59
Q

use of cytotoxic substances that kill both neoplastic cells and normal cells

A

chemo-therapies

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60
Q

diseases passed down from one generation to another

A

hereditary diseases

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61
Q

hereditary diseases are contained within

A

the genetic information contained within the nucleus of the cell

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62
Q

most common hereditary diseases

A

enzyme deficiencies like albinism (absence of pigmentation)

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63
Q

transmitted to both males and females - when one person is affected, half of the offspring will have the disease

A

autosomal dominant disease

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64
Q

an autosomal dominant disease otherwise known as dwarfism

A

achondroplasia

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65
Q

autosomal dominant disease where tumors grow along types of nerves and affect the development of non-nervous tissue such as bones and skin

A

neurofibromatosis

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66
Q

autosomal dominant disease that is a disorder of the connective tissue characterized by unusually long limbs in proportion to the persons height

A

marfan’s syndrome (can also cause predisposition to cardiovascular disease)

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67
Q

autosomal dominant disease characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood

A

hypercholesterolemia

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68
Q

hereditary disease that results only when a person is homozygous for the defective gene

A

autosomal recessive disease

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69
Q

autosomal recessive disease inability of the body to utilize the essential amino acids resulting in retardation and hyperactivity

A

phenylketonuria

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70
Q

autosomal recessive disease characterized by fibrosis and cyst formation within the pancreas causing progressive disability and early death

A

cystic fibrosis

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71
Q

autosomal recessive disease characterized by a lack of a liver enzyme required to digest galactose - the breakdown product of lactose

A

galactosemia

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72
Q

autosomal recessive disease where harmful quantities of a fatty acid derivitave called ganglioside accumulate in the nerve cells of the brain causing mental and physical disabilities

A

Tay-Sachs disease

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73
Q

glycogen and lipid storage disorders are classified as

A

autosomal recessive diseases

74
Q

autosomal recessive disease where red blood cells elongate causing damage to the red blood cell membrane, causing the cells to become stuck in blood vessels

A

sickle cell anemia

75
Q

sickle cell anemia may cause

A

deprivation of tissues of oxygen, ischemia and infarction which may cause organ damage and stroke

76
Q

most common trisomy disorer caused by the presence of an extra autosomal chromosome resulting in an individual having 3 strands of a #21 chromosome

A

Down’s syndrome

77
Q

individuals with Down’s syndrome have a predisposition to

A

CHF, septal defects, duodenal obstructions, and Hirschsprung’s disease

78
Q

gonadal dysfunction characterized by a patients appearance being female, but only having one X chromosome, also shortened stature and foreshortening of 4th and 5th metacarpals

A

Turner’s syndrome

79
Q

gonadal dysfunction characterized by sterility and failure of testes to mature - epiphyseal fusion and bone maturity may be delayed

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

80
Q

striking osteoporosis of the spine associated with biconcave deformities of the vertebral bodies

A

homocystinuria

81
Q

erroneous metabolism of amino acid methoinine that causes a defect in the structure of collagen and elastin

A

homocystinuria

82
Q

erroneous metabolism in which an enzyme deficiency leads to an abnormal accumulation of homogentisic acid in the blood and urine

A

alkaptonuria and ochronosis

83
Q

radiographic characterization of alkaptonuria and ochronosis

A

dense laminated calcification of multiple intervertebral disks that begin in the lumbar spine and may extend to the T and C regions

84
Q

error of amino acid transport characterized by impaired tubular absorption and excessive urinary excretion of several amino acids

A

cystinuria

85
Q

pathology radiographically categorized with calcium stones that are radiopaque, and pure stones can only be demonstrated on an excretory urography

A

cystinuria

86
Q

glycogen storage diseases usually result in

A

enlargement of multiple organs, especially the heart and liver

87
Q

disease characterized by aseptic necrosis of the femoral heads, enlarged spleen, and hepatomegaly

A

Gaucher’s Disease

88
Q

generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the clera (whites) of the eye

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

89
Q

Disease causing osteoporosis and repeated fractures, which often heal with exuberant callus formation stimulating malignant tumorsa

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

90
Q

most common form of dwarfism resulting in a diminished proliferation of the cartilage in the growth plate

A

achondroplasia

91
Q

classifications of artificial immunizations

A

active immunity or passive immunity

92
Q

types of active immunity

A

vaccine or toxoids

93
Q

consists of a low dose of dead or deactivated bacteria or virus

A

vaccine

94
Q

chemically altered toxin

A

toxoid

95
Q

administration of a dose of preformed antibodies from immune serum of an animal, usually a horse, short term effectg

A

passive immunity

96
Q

examples of passive immunity pathology

A

hepatitis, rabies, tetanus

97
Q

rapidly occurring reaction in which antigens are attacked by antibodies previosly bound to the surface of mast cells

A

histamine immunological response

98
Q

severe reaction of histamines may result in

A

systemic anaphylactic reactions - hypotension and shock, hives, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema

99
Q

the antigen is a component of cell or is attached to the wall of red blood cells, WBCs, platelets or endothelial cells

A

cytoxic immunological responses

100
Q

how are cells destroyed with cytoxic immunological responses

A

cells are destroyed through phagocytosis or lysis

101
Q

immunological response where individual is previously sensitized to antigen, and on second exposure there is a reaction

A

delayed immunological response

102
Q

examples of delayed immunological responses

A

poison ivy, TB, leprosy, fungal diseases

103
Q

profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity resulting in recurrent infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

104
Q

60% of AIDS victims develop

A

Pneumocytosis carinii pneumonia

105
Q

pathology characterized by hazy, perihilar glandular infiltrate that spreads periphery and appears predominantly interstitial

A

pneumocytosis carinii pneumonia

106
Q

categorized by malignant tumors within the skin, GI tract, and lungs. may cause mass lesions to the brain causing dementia and blindness

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

107
Q

how is Kaposi’s Sarcoma best seen and diagnosed?

A

CT

108
Q

the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems is

A

pathology

109
Q

measurable characteristics the patient exhibits as a result of the disease process

A

signs

110
Q

characteristics the patient feels and describes as their condition as a result of a disease process

A

symptoms

111
Q

alterations of cell growth

A

neoplasia

112
Q

adverse patient conditions caused by physicians and their treatment

A

iatrogenic

113
Q

determining the precise disease process affecting the patient

A

diagnosis

114
Q

when the underlying cause of a disease is unknown the disease is termed

A

idiopathic

115
Q

describing the expected patient outcomes is called

A

prognosis

116
Q

infections contracted at a healthcare facility are called

A

nosocomial infections

117
Q

contagious diseases contracted outside the healthcare facility are known as

A

community acquired

118
Q

the immediate response the body tissue has to a local injury

A

inflammation

119
Q

indicates the membrane has the ability to allow fluids to pass from one structure to another

A

permeable

120
Q

causes the swelling associated with the inflammatory process, resulting in pressure and pain caused by protein rich fluid

A

inflammatory exudate

121
Q

fibrous scar tissue replaces destroyed tissue with

A

granulation tissue

122
Q

fibrous scars are a result of strong connective tissue contracting to form what in the abdomen

A

fibrous adhesion

123
Q

protruding tumorlike scar resulting from an accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen

A

keloid

124
Q

five clinical signs of acute inflammation

A

rubor, calor, humor, dolor, loss of function

125
Q

microcirculation at the injury site results in

A

heat and redness

126
Q

swelling because of the exudate is known as

A

tumor

127
Q

result of swelling and the pressure on the nerve endings

A

pain and possible loss of function

128
Q

the prescence of _____ leads to the production of pus containing dead WBCs, inflammatory exudate, bacteria

A

pyogenic bacteria

129
Q

specific inflammation associated with pus formation

A

suppurative

130
Q

the result of encapsulation of a pyogenic infection is

A

an abcess

131
Q

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

A

edema

132
Q

general accumulation of fluid throughout the body

A

anasarca

133
Q

when extravascular fluid accumulates in pleural or pericardial cavities

A

effusion

134
Q

extravascular fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity

A

ascites

135
Q

interference of the blood supply possibly caused by arterial narrowing

A

ischemia

136
Q

localized ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ caused by poor vascular supply or drainage

A

infarct

137
Q

thrombosis or embolic occlusions cause almost all

A

infarctions

138
Q

implication of a ruptured blood vessel

A

hemorrhage

139
Q

when a blood vessel ruptures and accumulates within body tissue

A

hematoma

140
Q

reduction in size or number of cells in an organ or tissue

A

atrophy

141
Q

failure of normal development accounting for a small size is _____ or _____

A

hypoplasia or aplasia

142
Q

when casted or immobilized, a limb may suffer reduction in muscle mass known as

A

disuse atrophy

143
Q

loss of nerve function, hormonal stimulation, or blood supply causing permanent atrophy

A

pathologic atrophy

144
Q

increase in the size of cells

A

hypertrophy

145
Q

increase in the number of cells

A

hyperplasia

146
Q

loss of uniformity of cells and their orientation, associated with prolonged irritation or inflammation

A

dysplasia

147
Q

“new growth” infused with abnormal proliferation of cells that are out of control

A

neoplasia

148
Q

the study of neoplasms or tumors

A

oncology

149
Q

neoplastic growths closely resembling the cells of origin in structure and function

A

benign tumors

150
Q

new growths invading and destroying adjacent structures that spread to distant sites

A

malignant neoplasms

151
Q

malignant tumors are collectively known as

A

cancers

152
Q

neoplasia consists of two basic components -

A

parenchyma and stoma

153
Q

the name of a tumor is determined by

A

parenchymal tissue

154
Q

a benign tumor consisting of fibrous tissue

A

fibroma

155
Q

benign epithelial neoplasms with glandular characteristics

A

adenomas

156
Q

malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin

A

carcinomas

157
Q

malignancy of glandular tissue

A

adenocarcinoma

158
Q

malignant connective tissue neoplasms

A

sarcomas

159
Q

three pathways that malignant neoplastic dissemination can occur by

A

seeding, hematologic, lymphatic

160
Q

a tumor that penetrates the wall of the organ of origin and implants at distant sites is disseminated by

A

seeding

161
Q

assessing a tumors aggressiveness, biological behavior, or degree of malignancy

A

grading

162
Q

describes the extensiveness of the tumor at the primary site and the presence or absence of metastases

A

staging

163
Q

rate that an illness or abnormality occurs

A

morbidity

164
Q

study of determinants compiled for a specific disease in a given population

A

epidemiology

165
Q

____ genes always produce a particular trait

A

dominant

166
Q

____ genes manifest the particular trait when contributed by both parents

A

recessive

167
Q

a result in the alteration in the structure of DNA

A

mutations

168
Q

reacts to foreign substances and bind to make antigens harmless

A

antibodies

169
Q

antibodies must have bound to antigens to develop _____

A

immunity

170
Q

AIDS is known to be caused by ___ ___ ___

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

171
Q

coughing up blood

A

hemoptysis

172
Q

epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass arising on the skin or mucous membrane

A

polyp

173
Q

foreign substances produced by invading organisms

A

antigens

174
Q

large, cystic, benign tumor masses

A

cystadenomas

175
Q

loss of appetite

A

anorexia

176
Q

major metastatic route of carcinomas

A

lymphatic route

177
Q

soft fatty tumors

A

lipomas

178
Q

tumor cells grow well, patient becomes weak and emaciated

A

cachexia

179
Q

tumors composed of blood vessels

A

angiomas

180
Q

tumors of muscle

A

myomas

181
Q

use of cytotoxic substances that kill neoplastic cells and may cause injury to normal cells

A

chemotherapy

182
Q

cells without form

A

anaplastic

RADT 255 Radiographic Pathology (15 decks)

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