Diseases 2 + INDIA Case Study Flashcards
(14 cards)
Explain the ETM
Epidemiological transition model- Abdel Omran 1971
It shows the changes in burden of disease, as the country develops, disease of poverty would fall and disease of affluence would increase
There are 4 stages
Age of pestilence and famine
Age of receding pandemics
Age of degenerative diseases
Age of delayed degenerative diseases
pre-industrial- Haiti- more communicable diseases- high mortality rate, rurality (low personal mobility), low levels of healthcare (witch doctors), malnutrition, poor sanitation
Stage 2 and 3- industrialisation- BRICS- double burden of disease as manufacturing industries- respiratory illness- improvements in healthcare and nutrition, but high inequality and strains on healthcare services
Stage 4- developed countries- delayed degenerative diseases- CVDs, Strokes, Diabetes, Cancer- as life expectancy increases due to better healthcare- universal healthcare systems, more people are prevalent to these non communicable diseases- sedentary lifestyle,
Why is ETM important
Government could project the burden of diseases- can prepare for it- public health policies
Evaluations for ETM
Omran never proposed a stage 5- there could be a return to infectious disease due to antibiotic resistance
Estimated 10 million deaths by 2050 due to antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance- due to over prescribing of antibiotics- patients not finishing treatments- overuse in livestocks
Further evaluate- perspective is fixed in time- we don’t know how it would actually change:
Due to climate change- vector borne diseases
Population growth and urbanisation- increase spread of diseases- but could be closer to hospitals
Increased mobility due to hyper globalisation- relocation diffusion
Explain why ACs have high prevalence of Non communicable diseases
-higher life expectancy- increased level of degenerative diseases- linked to old age
-diet and over nutrition- excessive consumption of sugar/fats/salts- obesity- CVDs
-Treatment of communicable diseases
high living standards- proper sanitation and water supplies
Widespread vaccination
Universal healthcare
Good infrastructure to deal with disease outbreaks
Evaluation of why ACs have high prevalence of non communicable diseases
Time Space Compression- globalisation causing TNCs to spread into different countries- e.g Mc Donalds reach Africa- they are cheap fast food and could lead to obesity
Overly simplistic to consider NCDs to be purely disease of affluence
-many LIDCs suffer from diseases related to obesity
-socioeconomic issue- Denmark only 17% obesity
There is the fastest increase in obesity in developing countries- as unhealthy food are cheaper- especially for countries on stage 2 and 3 of ETM, double burden of disease- respiratory illness
Explain why LIDCs have a higher prevalence of communicable diseases
Poverty- food insecurity and poor dietary intake
-high proportion of population living in shanty towns- lack of access to clean water
-high population density- increase diffusion
-lack of proper sanitation- providing breeding grounds to vector borne diseases
-lack of government resources to control outbreaks (prevent and manage)- lack of medical care and low personal mobility- high mortality rates
Evaluation of why LIDCs have a higher prevalence of communicable diseases
Climate change- changing patterns of diseases- some LIDCs may benefit
Rurality- could be barriers to disease diffusion
LIDCs are experiencing increasing non communicable diseases
Globalisation- increase diffusion of diseases- could impact ACs
Reason of India’s air pollution
Industrialisation and development
Emissions of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide from coal fired power stations , industry and car emissions
87% of rural households depends on biomass for cooking
Double burden of disease in India
Slums in Dharavi
Increased wealth causing dietary transition- NCDs
Pollution- respiratory illness
Stats of India CD and NCDs
61% to 33%- CDs
30% to 55%- NCDs
Stats of pollution in India
India has 9/10 of the worst polluted cities
99% of India population breathe polluted air below WHO safety level
Air pollution is responsible for 6.2 million deaths and decreasing life expectancy by 3.2 years in rural India
Impacts on incidence of cancer
Main cause of lung cancer- 50% of patients are non smokers
Air pollution responsible for 3000 premature deaths in New Delhi every year
Lung cancer rate in New Delhi increased to 15.5 per 100,000 between 2008-2010
Global Solution to air pollution in India
Climate change agreement- Paris agreement- reducing CO2 emissions
World Cancer Day- raising awareness of causes of cancer and place pressure on governments to change
National Solutions of air pollution in India
Bottom-up strategy- mini solar cookers- provided by NGOs to reduce indoor air pollution in rural areas
Public Transport- reduce traffic pollution- Delhi Metro system carry 2.6 million people daily
Fuel tax and subsidies on less polluting form of petrol
Vehicle ban- ban on highly polluting vehicles of 15 years or older
