Diseases of the Nervous System Flashcards
Chapter 22 (118 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the human nervous system? (2)
A
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
2
Q
What makes up the Central Nervous System? (2)
A
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
3
Q
What is meningitis?
A
Inflammation of the meninges
4
Q
What are meninges?
A
Protective covering of brain and spinal cord
5
Q
What is encephalitis?
A
Infection of the brain
6
Q
What are the symptoms of meningitis? (6)
A
- headache
- nausea
- vomiting
- stiff neck
- convulsions
- coma
7
Q
(T/F) Meningitis has a low mortality rate
A
False
8
Q
What causes meningitis? (4)
A
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protozoa
9
Q
Which type of meningitis infection is nonfatal?
A
Virus Cases
10
Q
How are bacterial meningitis infections transmitted?
A
Via respiratory route
11
Q
What Bacteria cause a Meningitis infection? (4)
A
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Hemophilus influenzae type B
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Neisseria meningitidis
12
Q
Describe Streptococcus agalactiae (4):
A
- beta hemolytic group b
- gram (+) coccus
- most common causes of neonatal meningitis
- acquired from mother’s birth canal
13
Q
What Bacteria is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis?
A
Streptococcus agalactiae
14
Q
How is neonatal meningitis acquired?
A
From mother’s birth canal
15
Q
Describe Hemophilus influenzae (3):
A
- encapsulated (6 types)
- gram (-) rod
- leading cause of mental retardation
16
Q
Which capsule type of Hemophilus influenzae is the most virulent?
A
Type B. Hib
17
Q
Before the vaccine, how virulent was Meningitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae?
A
45-66% cases in children 6 months - 5 years of age
18
Q
How fatal is Hemophilus influenzae Meningitis?
A
~1/3 of treated cases
19
Q
What Bacterial Meningitis causes mental retardation?
A
Hemophilus influenzae
20
Q
What vaccine is there for Hemophilus influenzae Meningitis?
A
Hib vaccine
21
Q
Describe the Hib Vaccine (3):
A
- H. influenzae type b
- subunit vaccine
- reduces infection drastically
22
Q
What is the DOC for Hemophilus influenzae Meningitis?
A
Third generation cephalosporins
23
Q
Describe Streptococcus pneumoniae (4):
A
- encapsulated
- alpha hemolytic
- gram (+)
- diplococcus
24
Q
What % of all pneumonias is caused by Streptococci pneumoniae?
A
80% (6 months - 6 years of age)
25
What is the mortality rate of Streptococci pneumoniae Meningitis in elderly?
80%
26
What is the mortality rate of Streptococci pneumoniae Meningitis in children?
30%
27
What vaccine is there for Streptococci pneumoniae?
- capsule conjugated vaccine (subunit conjugated)
28
What 2 groups should get the vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
- children under 2
- elderly
29
What is the DOC of Streptococcus pneumoniae? (2)
- penicillin
- 3rd generation cephalosporins
30
Describe Neisseria Meningitis (3):
- gram (-)
- diplococcus
- aka meningococcal meningitis
31
Where is Hemophilus influenzae found?
Normal nasopharynx flora
32
Where does Hemophilus influenzae travel to cause Meningitis?
Normal Nasopharynx Flora -> Blood -> Meninges
33
Where is Streptococcus pneumonia found?
Normal nasopharynx flora
34
Where does Streptococcus travel to cause Meningitis?
Normal nasopharynx flora -> Blood -> Meninges
35
Where is Neisseria meningitidis found?
Nasopharynx
36
Where does Neisseria meningitidis travel to cause meningitis?
Nasopharynx -> Blood -> CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
37
What symptoms do Neisseria meningitidis cause? (6)
- fever
- weakness
- headache
- stiff neck
- convulsions
- rash on abdomen
38
What causes the symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis?
Endotoxins
39
What is the mortality rate of Neisseria meningitidis?
~80% (untreated cases)
40
What locations are prone to having Neisseria meningitidis cases? (3)
- crowded enclosed spaces
- dorms
- military barracks
41
What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis? (4)
- endotoxins
- fimbriae
- IgA protease
- capsules (6 types)
42
What do endotoxins do?
Cause fever and shock (death)
43
What does Fimbriae aid with?
Adherence
44
What does IgA protease do?
Degrades IgA
45
What do the capsules of Neisseria meningitidis help with?
Resisting phagocytosis (antiphagocytic)
46
What vaccines are there for Neisseria meningitidis? (3)
- subunit
- conjugated
- capsular polysaccharides
47
What bacteria causes Tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
48
What is another name for Tetanus?
Lockjaw
49
Describe Clostridium tetani (4):
- gram (+)
- spore forming
- anaerobic
- rod
50
Where is Clostridium tetani found? (3)
- soil
- animal GI tracts
- old, dirty, rusting objects
51
How does Clostridium tetani spore enter the body?
Through cuts/deep puncture wounds
52
What needs to happen for Clostridium tetani spores to germinate in a wound?
No oxygen can be present
53
What is Tetanus neonatorum?
Tetanus in newborns
54
What causes Tetanus neonatorum?
- nonsterile instruments being used to cut the umbilical cord
55
How does Tetanus neonatorum enter a newborn baby?
Through the cut stump of umbilical cord
56
What virulence factor does Clostridium tetani have?
A plasmid that makes tetanospasmin
57
What is tetanospasmin?
Neurotoxin that causes muscles spasms (Spastic Paralysis)
58
What causes the symptoms of Clostridium tetani?
The neurotoxin (bacteria cannot spread in body)
59
What does tetanospasmin do?
Stops nerve impulses at nerve-nerve junctions
60
What vaccine is available for Clostridium tetani?
DTaP (tetanus toxoid)
61
How often does someone need to get their DTaP booster?
Every 10 years
62
What treatments are there for Clostridium tetani?
Administering tetanus immunoglobin
63
What are the Viral Diseases of the Nervous System? (3)
- Poliomyelitis
- Rabies
- Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis
64
What is poliomyelitis also called?
Polio
65
Describe Poliomyelitis (5):
- member of picornaviridae
- small, naked
- icosahedral
- single stranded
- (+) RNA
66
What does the polio virus tend to attack? (3)
- motor neurons
- spinal cord
- brain
67
What is the polio virus resistant against? (1)
- drying (viable for long periods of time in food and water)
68
What are the reservoirs for polio?
Only humans
69
Are there different types of polio?
Yes, 3 serotypes (all antigenic)
70
How is polio transmitted to others? (2)
- oral-fecal route
- pharyngeal secretions
71
Where is polio virus acquired?
Through GI tract
72
Where does polio multiply in the body? (2)
- small intestines
- throat
73
Where are viral particles of polio shed?
Feces
74
What does the polio virus invade? (2)
- blood
- lymph nodes
75
Symptoms of polio (4):
- MOST asymptomatic
- headache
- sore throat
- high fever
76
What type of infection can polio cause?
CNS infection (less than 1%)
77
What happens in a CNS infection? (2)
- flaccid paralysis (asymmetric)
- death to respiratory system paralysis
78
What vaccines are available for Polio? (2)
- Salk Vaccine
- Sabin Vaccine
79
Describe the Salk Vaccine (3):
- inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
- injection + booster required
- no IgA immunity
80
Describe the Sabin Vaccine (3):
- oral polio vaccine (OPV)
- attenuated virus vaccine
- IgA immunity produced
81
Where are the remaining reservoirs of polio currently located in? (2)
- Parts of Africa
- Parts of Asia
82
What virus causes Rabies?
Rhabdoviridae
83
Describe Rhabdoviridae (5):
- enveloped
- helical
- (-) RNA
- single stranded
- bullet shaped
84
How is rabies spread?
Exposure to infected animals (biting/handling)
85
Which animals are prone to rabies? (6)
- dogs
- foxes
- raccoons
- skunks
- cats
- bats
86
Where does the rabies virus replicate?
In the skin/muscle -> peripheral nerves to CNS
87
What happens when rabies infects the CNS?
Leads to fatal encephalitis
88
How long is the incubation time for rabies?
13 days - 2 years (usually 30-50 days)
89
What are the symptoms of rabies? (6)
- agitation
- mouth spasms
- salivation
- hydrophobia
- convulsions
- coma
90
Is rabies always treatable?
No! Must be treated before symptoms appear
91
How is rabies diagnosed? (2)
- presence of viral Ag (saliva, serum, CSF)
- presence of virus in brain slices (negri bodies)
92
How is rabies treated? (2)
- HRIG (human rabies immunoglobulin)
- rabies vaccine
93
What is the rabies vaccine?
HDCV = human diploid cell vaccine
94
Describe HDCV (1):
- inactivated viral vaccine (days 0, 3,, 7, 14)
95
Which groups of people are given the rabies vaccine frequently? (2)
- laboratory workers
- animal handlers
96
What is one of the unique vaccination traits about rabies?
You can vaccinate post exposure
97
How is rabies prevented? (1)
Vaccinating domestic + wild animals
98
What causes Arthropod-borne viral diseases?
Togaviruses
99
What is Arthropod-borne encephalitis?
Brain infection
100
Describe Togaviruses (4):
- enveloped
- icosahedral
- (+) RNA
- single stranded
101
How are togaviruses transmitted?
Via arthropod vectors
102
What are examples of arthropod vector? (4)
- mosquitoes
- ticks
- flies
- gnats
103
Where in the world are Arthropod-borne Viral Diseases common in? (2)
- tropics
- subtropics
104
Symptoms of a togavirus (6):
- mild chills
- headache
- fever
- mental confusion
- coma
- death
105
What are 3 types of arthropod viruses?
- Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
- Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
- West Nile Encephalitis (mosquitoes)
106
Describe the West Nile Virus ():
- flavivirdae family
- RNA (+)
- single stranded
107
What are the carriers of the West Nile Virus? (4)
- birds
- horses
- humans
- other vertebrates
108
What cycle maintains the West Nile Virus?
bird-mosquito-bird cycle
109
How is the West Nile Virus transmitted? (2)
- bite of mosquito
- (implications) breast milk + blood transfusions
110
What are the symptoms of the West Nile Virus?
Mild Flu-Like symptoms
111
What happens to immunocompromised people with the West Nile Virus?
Causes encephalitis
112
Describe the Zika Virus Disease (3):
- flaviviridae family
- single stranded
- RNA
113
How is the Zika Virus spread? (4)
- bite of infected mosquitoes (primary)
- sexual
- mother to child
- blood transfusions
114
What occurs if pregnant mother gets the Zika virus?
Increases risk of microcephaly in infant
115
What is microcephaly?
Small head
116
What percent of people infected with the Zika Virus display mild symptoms?
20%
117
How is the Zika Virus diagnosed?
Reverse Transcriptase PCR
118
How is the Zika Virus Prevented?
Controlling mosquitoes
