Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KIN 435 > Disordered Breathing During Exercise in Heart Failure > Flashcards

Disordered Breathing During Exercise in Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chronic Heart Failure

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
- Inability of Heart to supply sufficient blood flow to meet demand of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many Classes of Heart Failure does the New York Heart Association Classify?

A
  • Four
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How Does New York Heart Association Classify Class I of Heart Failure?

A

No Limitation
- Ordinary physical exercise does not cause undue fatigue, dyspnoea, or palpitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Class II Heart Failure from the New York Heart Association

A

Slight Limitation of Physical Activity
- Comfortable at rest
- Ordinary activity results in fatigue, palpitations, or dyspnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Class III Heart Failure

A

Marked Limitation of Physical Activity
- Comfortable at Rest
- Less than ordinary activity results in symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Class IV Heart Failure

A

Unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort
- Symptoms present at rest
- Increased discomfort with any physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A
  • Volume of blood pumped per contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)? What is End-Systolic Volume (ESV)?

A

EDV
- Volume of blood in ventricle before contraction
ESV
- Volume of blood in ventricle after contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A
  • Total Volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute
  • Q = HR x SV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an Ejection Fraction (EF)?

A
  • Proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat
  • EF = SV/EDV
  • Average 60% at rest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is Heart Failure Defined Based on Ejection Fraction?

A
  • Normal EF should be 50-70%
  • In Systolic Heart Failure, EF drops below 40%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in Restrictive Pulmonary Disease?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume
- Reduced
Forced Vital Capacity
- Reduced
FEV1.0/FVC%
- Normal or even increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during a Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume
- Reduced significantly
Forced Vital Capacity
- Reduced Slightly
FEV1.0/FVC%
- very low ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the Symptoms of Heart Failure?

A
  • Poor ventricular systolic function
  • Poor Hemodynamic Performance
  • Weak respiratory Muscles
  • Increased Left Atrial and Pulmonary Pressure
  • Lung Fluid Balance changed
  • Neuro-humoral Activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is Heart Failure obstructive or Restrictive?

A
  • Both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the disordered Breathing Pattern with Exercise?

A
  • Rapid Shallow Breathing (tachypnea)
  • Oscillatory Breathing
  • Reduced End-expiratory lung volume at rest
  • Significant expiratory flow limitation and adequate inspiratory reserve volume
17
Q

What are the different patterns of Oscillatory Ventilation?

A
  • Noisy oscillations at early exercise (considered no-exercise oscillatory breathing
  • Initial to intermediate phases of exercise: disappears around 60% whole exercise
  • Entire Exercise Oscillation: Wide amplitude of cycles that persist
18
Q

Where does Ventricular Hypertrophy occur in Heart Failure?

A
  • Left Ventricle
  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Atrial Enlargement
19
Q

What is Cardiomegaly?

A
  • Enlargement of the Heart due to Heart Failure
20
Q

What was the Rationale for the Study “Influence of cardiomegaly on disordered breathing during exercise in chronic heart failure”?

A
  • Hypothesize that significant changes in the cardiac system could have profound effects on the pulmonary system, particularly during physical activity
  • Determine the relationship between cardiac size and breathing patterns during exercise
21
Q

What was the Hypothesis of The Study on Cardiomegaly?

A
  • Increased competition for intra-thoracic space caused by the increased cardiac volume associated with HF contributes to the tachypnoeic breathing pattern during exercise
22
Q

What was the inclusion / exclusion criteria for the study on cardiomegaly?

A
  • Patient with a history of ischaemic or dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Stable HF symptoms (>3months)
  • Duration of HF Symptoms (>1year)
  • Left ventricular ejection fraction of <35%
  • Body mass <35kg/m^2
  • Current Non-smoker (past 15 year)
  • Smoking history less than 10 pack-years
23
Q

What was the Control Group for the study on Cardiomegaly?

A
  • Similar age, gender, and height distribution to the HF group
  • Normal Cardiac Function (EF >50%)
  • No history of hypertension
  • No history of lung disease
  • No history of coronary artery disease
24
Q

What were the Protocols used for the study on cardiomegaly?

A
  • Graded Exercise Testing
  • Spirometry
  • Chest Radiograph (PA and LAT)
  • Cardiomegaly: cardiac volume as a percent of total thoracic cavity volume (TTCV)
25
How were the groups determined for the study on Cardiomegaly?
HF group median heart size - 12% Total Thoracic Cavity Volume Group A - CV < Median Group B - CV > Median Control - Normal Cardiac Volume - No HF
26
What were the different measurements used in the Study on Cardiomegaly?
Spirometry - Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) - Forced Expiratory Volume in one Second (FEV1) - Mean FEF between 25-75% (FEF25-75) Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLco) Alveolar Volume using single breath method
27
What were the methods used to test exercise in the study on cardiomegaly?
- Symptom-limited incremental treadmill test - Rating of perceived exertion (Borg) - VO2 - VCO2 - VE - VT - RR - Partial pressure end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide
28
What were the Results of the Study on Cardiomegaly at 75% peak exercise?
- Control had higher VO2, VCO2, VE - Group A/B had higher VE/VCO2 compared to control - Group A reduced VE due to lower RR - Group B reduced VE due to reduced VT
29
What was the implications of the results from the study on cardiomegaly?
- Cardiac Size is independently associated with VT at 75% of VO2 peak (-58ml/min per +10% cardiac size) - At VO2 peak VT was statistically significant (-315ml/min per +10% cardiac size) - Cardiac size was significantly related to reduced VT in the HF patients
30
What was the Relationship between VT% of TTCV volume and VE% of TTCV volume?
- HF patients with larger cardiac sizes demonstrated significant levelling off of VT
31
Why is there a change in respiratory rate and tidal volume in HF patients with cardiomegaly?
- Larger cardiac volume changes breathing architecture during exercise - Contributes to symptoms of dyspnoea and fatigue
32
What is the relationship between cardiac volume and total lung volume?
- Reduced lung volume reduces the effectiveness of the elastic recoil component of exhalation - Reduced stretch of lung results in reduced maximal volume and expiratory flow - HF patient with largest cardiac volume have reduced FVC and FEV 1.0

KIN 435 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions