Disorders of the Kidney Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is the purpose of the Kidneys?
waste filtration
reabsorption of sodium and water (and other things)
What are the side products in the kidney?
Urea: protein breakdown (ammonia from amino acids + CO2 = urea)
Uric Acid: nucleic acid breakdown (also part of amino acid)
Creatinine: muscle metabolism product
What is Renal Failure?
kidney failure
will have…Azotemia, Uremia, Impaired kidney function, Hyperkalemia
What is Azotemia?
increased Nitrogen compounds in the blood
*nitrogen is not always a waste
What is Uremia?
nitrogen WASTE in the blood
What are the S/S of impaired kidney function?
fatigue, lethargy, confusion, headache, anorexia, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
What is Hyperkalemia?
high blood potassium (acute renal failure), altered heart rate, heart failure
What is an indication of kidney function?
Uremia
What is Dialysis?
- for kidney failure
- removal of wastes from the blood using diffusion and osmosis
frequency of treatment increases with time and progression of disease
What is Peritoneal Dialysis?
A similar solution to blood plasma is injected and infused into the abdominal cavity for 4-6 hours.
not as common these days
What is Hemodialysis?
blood passes through a machine that removes the wastes
Most common these days
Acute Renal Failure
-occurs suddenly
Causes of Acute Renal Failure:
heart failure, shock, blood loss, urinary tract obstruction, toxins, bacteria, drugs
S/S:
1st stage - decreased urine production
Later Stage - large urine output (kidney cannot reabsorb water)
In Acute Renal Failure why does urine output go from decreased urine production in the 1st stage to Large urine output in the later stage?
because kidney is damaged so much that it cannot reabsorb the water
What is the Diet for Renal Failure?
- increased calories
- restricted protein
- controlled water, Na and K
Chronic renal failure should also include vitamin supplements
Why do you want to restrict protein consumption in Renal Failure?
b/c protein breakdown (ammonia) puts extra burden on the kidney
Why do you want to restrict Na and K consumption in Renal Failure?
-fluid balance… don’t want too much water, Na or K
Chronic Renal Failure
-develops slowly
Causes of Chronic Renal Failure:
-inflammation, artery obstruction (decreased blood flow) in kidney, stones, diabetes, high blood pressure
S/S:
-swelling, high BP, CHF, acidosis, K/Ca imbalance, arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
What is an alternative to Dialysis?
Kidney transplant
What are the barriers to a kidney transplant?
- not enough supply of kidneys
- advanced age and poor health (not good candidates)
- financial difficulties $$$
What kind of drug to kidney transplant patients have to be put on? What are the side effects of this medication?
- immunosuppressive
- to prevent tissue rejection
Side effects:
-altered nutrition status: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, glucose intolerance, altered blood lipids, fluid retention, hypertension
food safety guidelines
What are the dietary guidelines for Kidney transplant patients?
- controlled proteins
- Na: generally unrestricted, unless edema and hypertension are present
- K, Ca, and P : generally unrestricted
- Vitamin and mineral supplements
Immunosuppressant drugs can cost up to how much a month?
$2500
on average how much is a single kidney transplant?
$259000
What is Nephrotic Syndrome?
when you have loss of plasma proteins in the urine exceeding 3.0 to 3.5 grams a day
Damage to the glomeruli: increase permeability to plasma protein (protein escapes into the urine)
