Nutrition and Wasting Disorders

Question 1

What is Cancer?

Answer 1

uncontrolled growth of cells

Question 2

What are oncogenes?

Answer 2

nucleic acid sequences that turns normal cells into cancerous cells

Question 3

What are Tumor Suppressor Genes?

Answer 3

keep cell division in check

Question 4

What are proto-oncogenes?

Answer 4

works with tumor suppressor genes to keep cell division in check

Question 5

What is Apoptosis?

Answer 5

programmed cell death, keeps cell division in check

Question 6

What is Metastasis?

Answer 6

the spreading of cancer

Question 7

What is Benign?

Answer 7

abnormal growth but doesn’t spread or threaten other parts of the body’s cells

Question 8

What is malignant?

Answer 8

spreading cancer

Question 9

How does DNA mutation happen?

Answer 9

Proto-oncogenes turn into oncogenes… oncogenes code for cancer

Question 10

Benign tumor…

Answer 10

non cancerous, usually grows within a self contained capsule. does not invade nearby tissue or spread

Question 11

Malignant tumor…

Answer 11

cancerous, usually grows out of control and may spread to other parts of the body through the blood or lymph systems

Question 12

Carcinoma

Answer 12

cancer of the epithelial tissue

Question 13

Sarcoma

Answer 13

cancer of the connective tissue

Question 14

Carcinogen

Answer 14

component that causes cancer

Question 15

Cancer Cachexia

Answer 15

anorexia, increased metabolism that leads to wasting

Question 16

Cytokines

Answer 16

fight tumors, increase metabolism (high energy demand, low energy supply)

Question 17

T/F Treatment for cancer will give you a lack of appetite and nausea.

Answer 17

True esp. with chemotherapy

Question 18

When talking about the nutrition aspect of cancer what is a Promoter?

Answer 18

promotes or induce mutation (ex. fat)

Question 19

When talking about the nutrition aspect of cancer what is an Antipromoter?

Answer 19

stops or reverses mutation

Examples:
Fiber: decreases contact time
Vitamin C and E : antioxidant (fight off free radicals)
Selenium : prevents MUFA and PUFA oxidation
Phytochemicals: vegetables
Dithiolthiones in cruciferous vegetables

Question 20

What is the Antipromoter in cruciferous vegetables called?

Answer 20

dithiolthiones

Question 21

Selenium is an Antipromoter that prevents MUFA and PUFA oxidation… What is MUFA and PUFA?

Answer 21

MUFA - mono unsaturated fatty acid
PUFA - poly unsaturated fatty acid

both MUFA and PUFA (fat) when oxidized give you free radicals… which destroys cells and causes DNA mutation

Question 22

What are some examples of cruciferous vegetables?

Answer 22

cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, collards, turnips, radishes

Question 23

What are the types of treatment for cancer?

Answer 23

Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgery

Question 24

Radiation Cancer Treatment

Answer 24

X-rays and gamma rays (reactive oxygen radicals, DNA damage)

Question 25

Chemotherapy Cancer Treatment

Answer 25

drugs (inhibit growth, shrink tumor before surgery, prevent metastasis) Purpose: to stop cell division (growth) Side effect: damage to healthy, normal dividing cells

Question 26

Surgery Cancer Treatment

Answer 26

removal of the tumor Surgery depends on if they can get all of the tumor out, if not the tumor could grow back

Question 27

Discuss the Tumor Metabolism

Answer 27

goes through Glycolysis if less oxygen: production of lactic acid liver use more energy: conversion into glucose

Question 28

Bone Marrow Transplant patients

Answer 28

IV feedings with Glutamate (becomes an essential amino acid when body is under stress) Lactose-free, low fiber, low fat, liquids, high protein, high Ca, high vitamin D

Question 29

How do tumor cells grow?

Answer 29

tumor cells also go through glycolysis but cancer cells don't go through the Krebs cycle... they accumulate lactic acid on the muscles and then the Cori Cycle (to remove the lactic acid) increases the demand of the liver *the cori cycle takes place in the liver

Question 30

AIDS

Answer 30

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome comes from HIV (a viral infection of the helper T-cells) nutrition seems to correlate with survival time

Question 31

What is the cause of death with AIDS?

Answer 31

opportunistic infections (secondary infections to the AIDS)

Question 32

What is the incubation time for AIDS?

Answer 32

long incubation time... YEARS

Question 33

What to helper T cells do?

Answer 33

tell your body what is an infection and when you need to fight it off

Question 34

What happens when you have damaged or no helper T cells?

Answer 34

your body cannot tell you when you need to fight off invaders so they go unchecked

Question 35

When does a person go from having HIV to AIDS?

Answer 35

When your helper T cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3 your body can no longer tell what is an infection at this point

Question 36

What are the nutritional problems related to AIDS?

Answer 36

``` hypermetabolic stress and depression Thrush Herpes ulcers in the mouth Pneumonia and TB Nausea, diarrhea, and loss of appetite Malabsorption low acid secretion (calcium and iron favor acidity) bacterial overgrowth ```

Question 37

What is thrush?

Answer 37

fungal infection of the mouth