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Geography > Distinctive Landscapes > Flashcards

Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Landscape

A

an area percieved by people, where the characteristics are the result of natural and or physical factors.

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2
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

made up of small particles or layers of sand and or rock, deposited under a water body. Over many millions of years, successive layers of sediments accumulate. These layers of sediments are compressed by the weight of the deposits above, into sedimentary rocks.

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3
Q

types of sedimentary rocks

A

sandstone, limestone, chalk, clay, shale

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4
Q

igneous rock

A

When Lava/Magma cools down, it forms igneous rocks. The slower it takes to cool down, the more crystals are formed within the rock.

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5
Q

intrusive igneous rock

A

Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet.

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6
Q

extrusive igneous rock

A

Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground

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7
Q

how do crystals form in igneous rock?

A

When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, also called volcanic, the rock cools very quickly. Crystals inside solid volcanic rocks are small because they do not have much time to form until the rock cools all the way, which stops the crystal growth.

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8
Q

What is weathering

A

the disintegration or decay of rocks in their original place at or close to ground surface, it is largely caused by precipitate

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9
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

the physical disintegration of rock, resulting in smaller fragments

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10
Q

chemical weathering

A

The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes

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11
Q

biological weathering

A

any weathering that’s caused by the activities of living organisms.

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12
Q

Hydraulic action

A

The force of the water breaks rock particles away from the river channel

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13
Q

Aven

A

Vertical Shaft

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14
Q

active cave

A

Cave passage with flowing stream

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15
Q

boulder hole

A

Fallen rocks obscuring passage

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16
Q

Cavern

A

large cave chamber

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17
Q

Pitch/Shaft

A

Vertical shaft requiring ladder/rope to descend

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18
Q

Shakehole

A

a surface depression from collapse of rock, indicates presence of cave

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19
Q

Sink

A

Where surface water enters ground

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20
Q

stalactite

A

A deposit that hangs like an icicle from the roof of a cave

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21
Q

Stalagmite

A

A cone-shaped calcite deposit that builds up from the floor of a cave

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22
Q

Straw

A

Hollow Stalactite

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23
Q

Sump

A

flooded cave passage

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24
Q

british mountaun ranges

A

Pennines, Scottish Highlands, Snowdonia, Cambrian Mountains, Southern Uplands, North-West Highlands, Dartmoor, Breacon Beacons, North-York moors, Cumbrian Mountains, Grampians

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25
Q

Uplands

A

an area of high or hilly land.

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26
Q

Uplands in UK

A

majority of uplands land in UK in Scotland, Wales and Central-Northern UK. Tees-exe line roughly divides Britain into upland regions on the north side and lowlands on the south side.

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27
Q

Geology of Uplands areas

A

Majority formed into Igneous and Metamorphic Rock

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28
Q

Climate of Uplands areas

A

Cold, windy. A lot of rain. High altitude, Relief Rainfall and there could be snow

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29
Q

Landscape of Uplands areas

A

Scenic, steep rocks, jagged and undulating

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30
Q

Habitats of Uplands areas

A

Bears would have lived in Upland areas, a few snakes, blanket bog, Grassland, Heathland, Limestone pastures

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31
Q

Landforms in uplands areas

A

Tors - formed by erosion and weathering of rock and Batholiths

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32
Q

Human activity in Uplands areas

A

Photography, Walking and Hiking, Tourism, Skiing, Mining.

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33
Q

Lowlands

A

areas of low elevation containing plains and hills

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34
Q

Lowlands in UK

A

Majority of southern Scotland, Part of Wales, Northern Ireland, and Southern England and the Midlands

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35
Q

Geology of Lowlands areas

A

Mainly Sedimentary Rock

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36
Q

Climate of lowlands areas

A

Convectional Rainfall-evenly spread out, warmer and more stable ranges of temperature

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37
Q

Landscape of lowlands areas

A

Flat plains and a lot of rolling hills

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38
Q

Habitats of lowlands areas

A

Freshwater, Coastal, Woodland, Heathland and Grassland

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39
Q

Landforms of lowlands areas

A

Meanders, Basins, Waterfalls, Oxbow Lakes, Rapids, Floodplains and Estuaries

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40
Q

Human activity in Lowlands areas

A

Farming, Walks

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41
Q

Glaciated

A

covered or having been covered by glaciers or ice sheets

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42
Q

Glaciated areas in UK

A

Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, Northern England down to Midlands

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43
Q

Geology in Glaciated areas

A

Metamorphic, Igneous and Sedimentary - mixed geology

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44
Q

Climate in glaciated areas

A

mixed climate

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45
Q

Landscape in glaciated areas

A

Wild variety of landscapes

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46
Q

Habitats in Glaciated areas

A

mixed habitats

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47
Q

Landforms in glaciated areas

A

Corries, U-Shaped valleys, Arétes, Drumlins and Erratics

48
Q

Human activity in glaciated areas

A

Hiking, Tourism, Rock climbing

49
Q

what does wave energy depend on

A

Wave energy depends on the fetch, strengh of the wind and the length of time over which the wind has blown

50
Q

Fetch meaning

A

The area in which ocean waves are generated by the wind. Also refers to the length of the fetch area, measured in the direction of the wind.

51
Q

Swash

A

The movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks.

52
Q

Backwash

A

Water that rolls back down a beach after a wave has broken, it is always at a 90 degree angle

53
Q

Longshore drift

A

Longshore (littoral) drift is the movement of material along the shore by wave action. It happens when waves approach the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind. The swash (waves moving up the beach) carries material up and along the beach.

54
Q

Abrasion

A

Waves pick rocks, smash on coast, wearing it away

55
Q

solution

A

rocks like limestone slowly dissolve in water

56
Q

Attrittion

A

Pebbles picked up by waves, bash into each other, wearing down into smaller rounder pebbles

57
Q

Hydraulic Action

A

waves crash against coast, forcing air into cracks and breaking up rock

58
Q

Factors affecting Coastal processes

A

waves and currents.

59
Q

What are waves a result of?

A

Waves are the result of wind blowing over the sea. As they approach the land, they break. The bottom of the wave touches the sand and slows down due to increased friction. The top of the wave becomes higher and steeper until it topples over

60
Q

Destructive Waves

A

Waves with high energy and frequency, erodes beach, carries sand and other material with them in their backwash

61
Q

Constructive waves

A

waves with low frequency, low backwash, carries pieces from ocean eroded by destructive waves to build beaches, not enough energy for backwash.

62
Q

where is the UK’s prevailing wind

A

South-West England

63
Q

Fault meaning

A

A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.

64
Q

Stack

A

Stack - An isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed; over time further erosion reduces the stack to a smaller, lower stump.

65
Q

Stump

A

Stack - An isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed; over time further erosion reduces the stack to a smaller, lower stump.

66
Q

How does a cliff form into a stump?

A

Erosion and weathering leads part of the cliff to be formed into a cave, then an arch, a stack and finally a stump

67
Q

Rock fall

A

A rockfall or rock-fall is a quantity/sheets of rock that has fallen freely from a cliff face. Fragments of rock break away from cliff face due to weathetring

68
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of Rock slide downhill. A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.

69
Q

Mudslide

A

Mudslides develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground and results in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth, and debris. Mudslides usually start on steep slopes.

70
Q

Formation of an arch

A

Rocks are less resistant, more vulnerable to erosion. Hydraulic action can erode a small crack to a large archeway

71
Q

Formation of a Cove

A

Concordant coastline, softer rock is eroded easily and left behind and layers are created

72
Q

Formation of a Bay

A

Layers of softer rock are eroded more frequently than compact rocks, creating a bay with the compact rocks at the sides and softer rocks more inwards.

73
Q

Why do Coastlines need to be managed

A

Natural processes can harm people and damage property, infrastucture and land.

74
Q

Hard engineering

A

Building artificial structures such as sea walls aimed at controlling natural processes to protect coastline. Can be expensive and needs to be continually mantained or rebuilt

75
Q

Soft Engineering

A

Managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems, Less cheaper and easier to mantain.

76
Q

Sea Wall

A

Hard Engineering. Wall built along sea front to protect cliffs and buildings. Protects coastal flooding. Expensive to build. Waves can bounce off, eroding material on beach.

77
Q

Groynes

A

Hard Engineering. Barriers are built at right angles to prevent transport of material. Allows beach to build up as a natural defence against erosion. Can be unattractive, it prevents longshore drift and starves other beaches along the same coastline of material.

78
Q

Rock Armour

A

Hard Engineering. Large Boulders are placed along coastline to absorb wave energy. Cheap and Efficient but unattractive and dangerous.

79
Q

Offshore reef

A

Hard engineering. Concrete blocks and boulders positioned offshore, forcing waves to break before reaching coast

80
Q

Beach Nourishment

A

Soft engineering. Imports more sand to make beach higher and wider. Cheap and keeps natural appearance. Requires constant maintenance.

81
Q

Managed Retreat

A

Soft Engineering. low value coastal land allowed to erode/flood. Cheap and encourages natural development of beach or salt marsh. People can lose property or land and compensation would have to be paid.

82
Q

Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)

A

An integrated coastal management plan for a stretch of coastline in England and Wales

83
Q

SMP option (Do Nothing)

A

Allow natural processes to happen. This is when land or property has lower value than cost of sea defences

84
Q

SMP option (hold line)

A

use hard/soft engineering to mantain sea defences. Expensive options only used when property value is greater than the cost of sea defences

85
Q

SMP option (Retreat)

A

Create gap in existing sea defences to allow land to flood. Cheap - provides natural barrier to further erosion

86
Q

SMP Option (Advance Line)

A

Build new defences further out creating new land. Involves Hard engineering. Essential for big, expensive coastal projects such as estuary airports

87
Q

Water Cycle (Hydrological Cycle)

A

The continuous process of evaporation, condensation, precipitation

88
Q

Evaporation (water cycle)

A

the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

89
Q

Precipitation (water cycle)

A

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

90
Q

condensation (water cycle)

A

the cooling of water vapor that changes to water droplets that cling together - clouds form

91
Q

Transpiration (water cycle)

A

When water vapor is released from plants into the air

92
Q

Interception (water cycle)

A

Interception refers to all processes that prevent rainfall from immediately reaching the soil. Vegetation intercepts water in two ways: by catching rainfall on leaf surfaces throughout the canopy, and through the litter that it deposits on the ground.

93
Q

Surface runoff

A

Water flowing off the land into bodies of surface water.

94
Q

Infiltration (water cycle)

A

This is where water seeps through the ground and through the group and rocks to become groundwater

95
Q

Soil moisture storage

A

the volume of water in the subsurface soil-moisture zone that is accessible to plant roots

96
Q

Throughflow

A

Water flowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface

97
Q

Groundwater storage

A

The storage of water underground in permeable rock strata

98
Q

Percolation (water cycle)

A

The downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity.

99
Q

drainage basin

A

the area from which a single stream or river and its tributaries drains all of the water

100
Q

River source

A

the point where a river begins

101
Q

watershed

A

highest point of drainage basin

102
Q

Tributary

A

A stream or river that flows into a larger river

103
Q

Confluence

A

the point where two streams join to form one larger stream or point where tributary meets river

104
Q

River mouth

A

the point where a river enters a lake or sea

105
Q

River catchment

A

same as drainage basin

106
Q

River at source

A

shallow steep and rocky.

107
Q

River at mouth

A

deep and slow, flat at sea level, wide, depositing material into sea.

108
Q

what changes rate of erosion in a river

A

Amount of energy

109
Q

transportation

A

When rocks are carried along in a river

110
Q

Load

A

amount of material being carried by river

111
Q

Bedload

A

heavy material carried along bottom of river

112
Q

Suspension

A

Fine, light material is carried along by the river

113
Q

Solution ( River Transportation )

A

minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution

114
Q

Traction

A

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed

115
Q

Saltation

A

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

116
Q

Deposition

A

When a river does not have enough energy to carry its load, it drops it

117
Q

Reasons for deposition

A

Reduction in gradient

Geography (8 decks)

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