Disturbance of growth

Question 1

Throughout the embryonic and postnatal development of an animal, tissues grow mainly
by the process of ?

Answer 1

cellular division

Question 2

In the skin for instance, there is continual replacement of cells at the surface that
become______ by proliferation of basal cells

Answer 2

keratinized

Question 3

bone marrow cells continually proliferate to replace worn out blood cells in the?

Answer 3

peripheral circulation

Question 4

The sequence of events comprising mitosis is called the ?

Answer 4

cell cycle

Question 5

4 stages of cell cycle:

Answer 5

g1 phase
s phase
g2 phase
m phase

Question 6

• cells that are resting and capable of returning to the growth fraction enter the initial
  phase of the cycle, what phase is this?

Answer 6

g1 phase

Question 7

• this occupies about 30-40% of the cycle, is marked by active synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)**

Answer 7

s phase

Question 8

This phase wherein other preparation for cellular divisions takes place it occupies another 10-20% of the cycle.

Answer 8

g2 phase

Question 9

which is the mitotic phase. In this phase, daughter cells are produced which undergo
terminal differentiation and are no longer capable of cellular division.

Answer 9

m phase

Question 10

Disturbances in growth may result in either:

Answer 10

1. excess
2. deficit of tissue,
3. produce an abnormal pattern of development.

Question 11

malformation may occur as a result of either:

Answer 11

1. genetic
2. nongenetic influences

Question 12

These malformations are present at birth and are said to be ?

Answer 12

congenital

Question 13

_________suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop and is therefore absent.

Answer 13

agenesis

Question 14

implies failure of the tissue or organ to grow and therefore a rudimentary organ is present

Answer 14

aplasia

Question 15

• also used to refer to failure of a tissue to renew itself.

Answer 15

aplasia

Question 16

• refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size

Answer 16

hypoplasia

Question 17

2 example of hypoplasia:

Answer 17

1. renal hypoplasia,
2. testicular hypoplasia

Question 18

• means absence or closure of a normal body opening

Answer 18

atresia

Question 19

are adaptive changes of cells and tissues to various noxious stimuli, particularly those that persist for long periods creating an increase in the functional demand.

Answer 19

aquired abnormalities

Question 20

• reduction in the mass or size of an organ or tissue

Answer 20

atrophy

Question 21

reduction in the size of individual cells

Answer 21

quantitative atrophy

Question 22

decrease in the number of cells

Answer 22

numerical atrophy

Question 23

• occurs in many tissues as part of the normal involution of tissues and organs.

Answer 23

physiological atrophy

Question 24

is also termed as complete atrophy

Answer 24

involution

Question 25

occurs whenever there is deprivation of blood supply, nutritional requirement, or hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease that produces trophic hormone.

Answer 25

pathologic atrophy

Question 26

- due to inadequate dietary intake or chronic starvation.

Answer 26

nutritional atrophy

Question 27

- as a result of long-standing ischemia

Answer 27

vascular atrophy

Question 28

- due to reduced functional activity such as those occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time.

Answer 28

disuse atrophy

Question 29

- due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues

Answer 29

pressure atrophy

Question 30

- due to loss of trophic hormones such as that seen in pituitary disease resulting in generalized somatic atrophy

Answer 30

endocrine or hormonal atrophy

Question 31

- a classic response of muscle to denervation

Answer 31

Withered or shrunken limb

Question 32

- may be considered complete atrophy.

Answer 32

Involution of the normal corpus luteum

Question 33

- a very important lesion to recognize during postmortem examination because it is an indication of emaciation

Answer 33

Serous atrophy of fat

Question 34

serous atrophy of fat is most evident in ?

Answer 34

1. heart 2. kidney 3. mesenteries

Question 35

- is the increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of individual cells. It occurs only in muscles in response to increased demand for work.

Answer 35

hypertrophy

Question 36

- is an increase in tissue mass or organ size due to an increase in the number of constituent cells

Answer 36

hyperplasia

Question 37

6 types of hypertrophy & hyperplasia:

Answer 37

1. endocrine 2. compensatory 3. functional 4. replacement 5. reactive 6. neoplastic

Question 38

following increased hormonal stimulation, in mammary gland during lactation

Answer 38

endocrine

Question 39

especially in paired organ when one is severely damaged, the other will compensate for the lost function

Answer 39

compensatory

Question 40

- as a response to increased functional demands. e.g muscles in repeated heavy exercise

Answer 40

functional

Question 41

– as part of the repair process, e. g healing of fractured bone, healing of liver defect by regeneration

Answer 41

replacement

Question 42

-in response to chronic irritation or infection, e.g skin thickening in mange mite infestation, enlargement of lymph nodes in infections.

Answer 42

reactive

Question 43

- when the added tissue mass assumes nodules, e.g in liver tissue remodeling

Answer 43

nodular hyperplasia

Question 44

– when they form spaces lined with epithelia, e.g cystic prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 44

cystic hyperplasia

Question 45

- form ****frond like projections****,e.g hyperplasia of lining epithelia of tubular organs

Answer 45

papillary hyperplasia

Question 46

- when they form ****gland-like**** mass resembling neoplasm.

Answer 46

adenomatus hyperplasia

Question 47

occurs following ****prolonged irritation**** or chronic infection.

Answer 47

Epithelial metaplasia

Question 48

occurs in association with ****repair processes****

Answer 48

connective tissue metaplasia

Question 49

in nutritional deficiencies e.g.vitamin A deficiency causes _______________ of esophageal glands and prostate gland.

Answer 49

squamos metaplasia

Question 50

means abnormal growth.

Answer 50

dysplasia

Question 51

it is used in a more restricted sense to ****describe a proliferative response**** accompanied by loss of regular differentiation and by cellular atypia and tissue architectural disarray

Answer 51

atypical hyperplasia

Question 52

is characterized by pleomorphism (variation in size and shape), and hyperchromicity (increased staining).

Answer 52

cellular atypia