Immunopathologic reaction Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
- it primarily serves to defend the animal body against infections
A
immune system
2
Q
-is the study of diseases caused by or resulting from immune mechanisms,
and is concerned primarily with untoward consequences of immune reactions
A
immunopathology
2
Q
- is the untoward responses of the immune system that result to tissue injuries
A
immunopathologic reactions
3
Q
-it occurs between sensitized cells and their target cells.
A
direct cell to cell contact
4
Q
component of immune system consists of:
A
- effector cells
- substances that provide protection to an individual following antigenic
challenge.
5
Q
There are two responses of the immune system :
A
- humoral response
- cellular response
6
Q
- this response is mediated largely by antibodies and other effector substances such as complement.
A
Humoral response
7
Q
-this response is mediated by sensitized lymphocytes and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system.
A
Cellular response
8
Q
(also known as immunogens) are macromolecules that are either natural or
synthetic in origin that are capable of inducing immune response. usually microbial or
foreign proteins or polysaccharide
A
Antigens
9
Q
are simple molecules that bind to preformed antibodies or sensitized immune cells and can induce an immune response when coupled to a carrier protein
A
Haptens
10
Q
antigen presenting cells of humoral response:
A
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
11
Q
-are specific clones of white blood cell lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow.
A
B-lymphocytes or B-cells
12
Q
The synthesized b cells undergo a series of “transformation” transformation into an antibody secreting plasma cell through the aid
of??
A
inducer T-lymphocytes
13
Q
synthesize the antibody, a plasma protein belonging to the gamma globulin fraction of serum
A
plasma cells
14
Q
An immunoglobulin that has a greatest concentration in plasma:
A
- IgG
- IgM
15
Q
this immunoglobulin is found in mucosal surface and body secretion:
A
- IgA
- IgD
16
Q
is usually surface bound to specific cells such as basophils and mast cells
A
IgE
17
Q
an antibody molecule consists of 2 that are linked by disulfide bond :
A
- two identical heavy chains of amino acids
- two identical light chains
18
Q
two fragments:
A
- Fab
- Fc
19
Q
-this fragment labeled contain the antigen binding sites,
A
Fab
20
Q
-this fragment contains receptors for complement and effector cells.
A
Fc
21
Q
is a major humoral component of innate immunity and mediators of inflammation normally present in the plasma in inactive form that are activated to mediate or amplify the reaction.
A
complement
22
Q
________ is mediated largely by sensitized lymphocytes.
A
cellular response
23
Q
this cells largely produce the antibodies
A
B-lymphocytes
24
this cells mediate cellular reactivity
T-lymphocytes
25
There are two functional classes of T cells:
1. helper/inducer t cells
2. cytotoxic/suppressor T cells
26
_____ has CD4 positive T cells
helper/inducer t cells
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_____ has CD8 positive cells.
cytotoxic/suppressor t cells
28
are surface glycoproteins that function as adhesion molecules and as co-receptors for antigen.
CD8 & CD4
29
The ability of the animal body’s immune system to distinguish “self” from “non-self” is one of the most fascinating features of the immune system, control in specific locus of the genes called the?
major histocompatibility complex.
30
in humans this locus is located at the?
at chromosome 6 called “the human lymphocyte antigen complex”
31
in class I antigen it is present in glycoprotein?
1. nucleated cells
2. platelets
32
– exist as bimolecular protein complexes restrictedly found in :
● antigen presenting cells
● B cells
● activated T cells.
class II antigen
33
– are protein components of the complement system (C2, C4 and Bf) that are coded for within the MHC. These proteins do not function as
histocompatibility antigens
class III antigen
34
Class II antigens facilitate interactions among lymphocytes and between lymphocytes
and macrophages in the process of?
immune recognition
35
T helper cells (CD4+) are able to recognize antigens only in the form of_______ ______ complexed with Class II antigens on the surface of antigen presenting cells.
antigenic peptides
36
***Complement*** is composed of:
1. plasma protein
37
- belonging to the beta-globulin fraction of the plasma.
plasma proteins
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plasma protein is synsethized by:
Hepatocytes
macrophages
gut epithelial cells
39
the complement components are:
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9.
40
complement is it is activated via two pathways:
1. Classical
2. alternate pathway
41
-is initiated by the **binding of antigen-antibody complexes to C1** that self-activates & cleaves C4 and C2 into C3 convertase.
classical pathway
42
- is released and increases vascular permeability.
c3a
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-increases vascular permeability and attracts polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes.
c5a
44
initiates the terminal sequence C5b-C9 forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) that affects irreversible lesions on cell
membranes leading to cytolysis
c5b
45
is initiated by a variety of substances without the formation of antigen-antibody complexes, or the participation of
C1, C2, and C4.
alternate pathway
46
is a generic term for polypeptide messenger molecules secreted by lymphoid and
non-lymphoid cells, mediates and regulates the growth, differentiation, and function of cells involved in immunity, hematopoiesis, and inflammation
cytokines
47
this _____ is secreted by lymphocytes.
lymphokines
48
are cytokines secreted by macrophages & monocytes.
monokines
49
is a cytokine that carries messages between lymphocytes
interleukin
50
are chemotactic cytokines produced by macrophages, monocytes
and T cells that attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation or infection.
chemokines
51
re-exposure to the same antigen could bring about untoward, excessive or aberrant
immune responses that result in tissue injury that is called
hypersensitivity reactions
52
Four types of reactions are recognized:
1. Type I immediate hypersensitivity
2. Type II cytotoxic/cytolytic reactions
3. Type III immune complex reaction
4. Type IV delayed hypersensitivity
53
Also known as anaphylaxis
TYPE I IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY
54
are best exemplified by a positive skin-test reaction (wheals and flares), and allergic rhinitis following inhalation of dust or pollen particles
local reaction
55
are precipitated when the antigen is transmitted parenterally or in food, and are associated with signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis
Systemic reactions
56
in this animal the mast cells are concentrated around hepatic veins such that portal
hypertension and visceral pooling of blood occur.
dog
57
necropsy in dog would reveal :
massive congestion of the liver and intestines.
58
in cat anaphylaxis takes the form of ??
broncho-constriction and pulmonary edema
59
usually involve the combination of IgG and IgM with antigenic determinants present on cell membranes.
Complement dependent reactions
60
in type II reactions this _______ may be adsorbed to the cell surface and become the target of
the antibody
free antigen or hapten
61
antigen triggering complement dependent reactions may be either an :
1. integral component
2. exogenous antigen
62
as in immune mediated glomerulonephritis
integral component
63
absorbed onto the cell membrane as in drug-induced hemolytic anemia
exogenous antigen
64
an antibody attaches to the target antigen through its Fab antigen combining sites.
Antibody-dependent Cytotoxicity
65
in foals this condition of fetal red blood cells
gain entry to the maternal circulation sensitizing the mare’s immune system. After parturition and suckling of colostrum by the foal, maternal
immunoglobulins in the colostrum bind with the foal’s red blood cells accelerating their destruction.
isoimmune hemolytic anemia
66
in cases of trypanosomiasis and babesiosis this reaction is called?
immune-mediated anemia
67
syndrome in dogs following infection or vaccination with live canine adenovirus (CAV-1) is
blue eye
68
in this type of reactions it usually do not become clinically detectable until 24 to 72 hours post exposure to an
antigen
TYPE IV DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
69
What is the mediator of type IV hypersensitivity.
T cells
70
There are two phases in the evolution of Type IV reactions:
1. inductive phase
2. Amplification phase
71
that involves the accumulation of sensitized T cells at the site of antigen deposition,
inductive phase
72
caused by the elaboration of lymphokines by these cells.
amplification phase
73
is a prominent component of this reaction, and is an important process in host defense against viral and fungal infections, and in spontaneous tumor rejection
cytotoxicity
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Untoward immune response towards administration of drugs is called adverse drug
reactions (ADR). The basic mechanisms are those described under hypersensitivity
states
adverse drug reaction
75
is defined as a failure of the individual to recognize its own tissues thus
resulting in immune recognition and consequent immune reactions.
autoimmunity
76
are released that could
incite non-tolerant cells of the immune system to react either by production of
antibodies, cellular reactivity, or both
autoantigens
77
can prevent autoimmune
responses, acting as a defense against autoimmune reactions in normal situations.
suppressor t cells
78
are characterized by chronic inflammatory
changes in a specific organ.
Organ- specific autoimmune disease
79
example of organ-specific autoimmune disease :
1. primary hypothyroidism,
2. post vaccinal encephalitis in rabies.
80
these are characterized by widespread
pathologic changes in different organs.
Non-organ-specific autoimmune disorder
81
is a classic example of non-organ specific autoimmune disorder.
Systemic lupus erythematosus
82
-this group combines the features of the latter two groups, and the levels of serum
autoantibodies does not correlate with the severity or duration of the disease.
Disorders with non-organ-specific autoantibodies and with lesions confined to one
or few organs
83
Autoimmune diseases are frequently associated with:
1. malignancies,
2. aging,
3. immunodeficiency syndromes
84
Immunodeficiency syndromes may be categorized as:
1.primary
2. secondary or aquired
85
if it results from a failure of proper development of humoral or cellular components of the immune system
primary
86
if it is associated with a variety of diseases including
irradiation, infectious diseases, and iatrogenic immunosuppression by drugs
resulting in depletion of functional lymphoid cells, lymphoreticular malignancies,
and failure of maternal transfer of immunoglobulins in neonates.
secondary or aquired
87
Examples of infectious diseases that damage lymphoid tissues include;
❖ Canine parvoviral infection,
❖ Feline panleukopenia.
88
Intestinal uptake of maternal immunoglobulin terminates within ________hours after birth
in the pig, horse, cattle and dogs
24 TO 48 HOURS
89
In sheep and goats, this sensitivity of intestinal mucosal cells for cholesterol uptake
could last up to ______days.
4 DAYS
90
- is the most important predisposing factor to perinatal infection and death
passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulin
through the colostrum
