Neoplasia

Question 1

occurs when a group of cells becomes free of normal growth control mechanisms, grows without regard for the normal structural and functional aspects of a tissue or an organ and excessive growth becomes autonomous.

Answer 1

Neoplasia

Question 2

neoplasia also means what?

Answer 2

New growth

Question 3

this tissue growth is called?

Answer 3

Neoplasm

Question 4

Classical definition of a neoplasm points to it as an?

Answer 4

abnormal mass of tissue

Question 5

neoplasms were thought to be a malady of a mysterious cause what name?

Answer 5

“small crab”

Question 6

observation led to the naming of the condition as _____, after the zodiac symbol for crabs.

Answer 6

cancer

Question 7

The term cancer has been associated with?

Answer 7

malignant neoplasms

Question 8

Another term that lay people use to refer to neoplasm is?

Answer 8

Tumor

Question 9

what is a tumor?

Answer 9

is a tissue swelling or mass that may or may not be neoplasm

Question 10

is the study of neoplasia, and this word is the basis of oncogenesis and oncogenic, which relate to the induction of neoplasia

Answer 10

oncology

Question 11

normal cell is grown in?

Answer 11

in vitro

Question 12

normal cell spread out to form a single sheet of cells called what?

Answer 12

cell monolayer

Question 13

Growth ceases when the cells reach a certain population density where they remain quiescent but healthy, this mechanism is called

Answer 13

density-dependent inhibition
or
contact inhibition of growth

Question 14

density-dependent inhibition or contact inhibition of growth is governed by?

Answer 14

chalones

Question 15

When normalcells is influenced by some factors, lose their innate characteristics they become?

Answer 15

Neoplastic cells

Question 16

This neoplastic cells has a process known as?

Answer 16

Neoplastic transformation.

Question 17

– neoplastic cells contain less cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) and more cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) than normal cells. The absence of normal enzymes or the presence of abnormal
ones can occur.

Answer 17

Biochemical changes

Question 18

– presents altered surface antigens

Answer 18

Antigenic changes

Question 19

Based on the tissue origin, the neoplasm could be:

Answer 19

epithelial, or mesenchymal.

Question 20

When they are derived from one embryonic germ layer, they are called?

Answer 20

Mixed neoplasm

Question 21

a is a neoplasm containing tissue derived from more than one germ layer, and may contain any number of tissues of any type

Answer 21

Teratoma

Question 22

is describes those that are relatively inoffensive, grow slowly expansion, are circumscribed, does not undergo metastasis and presents very few mitotic or apoptotic figures, and is rarely fatal.

Answer 22

Benign Neoplasm

Question 23

_____ refers to those that are aggressive and potentially life threatening.

Answer 23

Malignant neoplasm

Question 24

Benign neoplasms carry the suffix?

Answer 24

-oma

Question 25

benign neoplasm derived from fibroblast is called?

Answer 25

fibroma

Question 26

Benign neoplasms derived from **glandular epithelia** are called?

Answer 26

adenomas

Question 27

if it forms cystic cavitations, it is called?

Answer 27

cystadenoma

Question 28

is one that forms branching finger-like projections into the lumen;

Answer 28

Papillary adenoma

Question 29

is one derived from ducts

Answer 29

Ductular adenoma

Question 30

are neoplasms growing at the surfaces

Answer 30

Polyps or papilloma

Question 31

Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin carry their suffix called?

Answer 31

sarcoma

Question 32

Malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic in mesenchymal origin is called?

Answer 32

fibrosarcoma

Question 33

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin carry their suffix called?

Answer 33

Carcinoma

Question 34

When malignant neoplasm of **epithelial origin form solid pattern**, and those that form **recognizable ducts;** tubules or acini they are called are called?

Answer 34

Adenocarcinoma

Question 35

Some **neoplasms fail to mimic their tissue origin** sufficiently for them to be recognized they are called?

Answer 35

**poorly differentiated** sarcoma or carcinoma

Question 36

Malignant neoplasm usually exhibits _______or the failure of cells to differentiate or loss of differentiation.

Answer 36

anaplasia

Question 37

Anaplastic cells usually exhibit____where their nuclei become **large, hyperchromatic or vesicular**, have **abnormal shapes** and may contain one or more prominent nucleoli

Answer 37

pleomorphism

Question 38

Glandular adenomas may secrete?

Answer 38

mucus

Question 39

Endocrine adenomas may produce?

Answer 39

hormones

Question 40

melanomas produce?

Answer 40

Melanin

Question 41

osteosarcomas produce?

Answer 41

Osteoid

Question 42

adenocarcinoma of thyroid produces?

Answer 42

Colloid

Question 43

Malignant neoplasm also has the potential to spread to distant sites not directly adjacent with the primary mass, in a process called?

Answer 43

metastatis

Question 44

neoplastic cells produce enzymes that can degrade adjacent tissues, what are these enzymes?

Answer 44

1. lysosomal hydrolases 2. Collagenase 3. plasminogen activator

Question 45

Tumor masses may destroy vital structures due to their location and may even be fatal.

Answer 45

local effect

Question 46

**wasting of body mass** occurring out of proportion to the mass of neoplasm may be due to general inappetence resulting from the liberation of toxic products

Answer 46

Cancer Cachexia

Question 47

This includes fever resulting from tissue necrosis and concomitant infection;

Answer 47

systemic infarction

Question 48

Some tumors retain their functional ability and secrete substances that may cause disease in the host,

Answer 48

hormone production

Question 49

- non-endocrine tumors produce ectopic hormones inappropriate for their tissue origin. This has been reported to occur in both human and animals,

Answer 49

paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 50

Agents known to cause neoplasia are called?

Answer 50

Carcinogens

Question 51

the**developmental process of neoplastic transformation** occurring in cells is called?

Answer 51

Carcinogenesis

Question 52

these are reactive substances that **require no activation by biologic processes**.

Answer 52

Direct-reacting carcinogens

Question 53

agents that must be **metabolized in the animal body** to the “proximate” or ultimate carcinogen

Answer 53

procarcinogens

Question 54

these may be direct-reacting or procarcinogen, or may not be a carcinogen at all but are **capable of initiating a change in the cell** that leads to neoplastic transformation

Answer 54

initiator

Question 55

agents that then applied after initiation promotes the development of tumors;

Answer 55

Promoter or co-carcinogen

Question 56

act as both initiator and promoter.

Answer 56

Complete carcinogen

Question 57

this can produce tumor in dogs.

Answer 57

Oncogenic viruses

Question 57

In the families of RNA viruses, only the members of the _______ family are capable of producing neoplastic transformation

Answer 57

retrovirus family

Question 58

usually occurs over an extended period of exposure to the chemical

Answer 58

chemical carcinogens

Question 59

This theory explains that **damage to DNA leads to transformation that could be heritable** and passed from generation to generation

Answer 59

Somatic mutation theory

Question 60

The theory states that **all cells contain the complete genome capable of producing the characteristics of malignancy**, such as motility and the capability to multiply.

Answer 60

Epigenetic theory

Question 61

This theory postulates that the **oncogenes of transforming retroviruses are derived from normal cellular genes** and their increased or inappropriate expression contributes to neoplastic transformation.

Answer 61

Oncogene Theory

Question 62

Factors that modify animal responses to carcinogenesis include the following:

Answer 62

1. Host factors 2. Environmental factors

Question 63

this breed are notoriously known for developing all sorts of tumors.

Answer 63

Boxers

Question 64

Hemangiosarcomas are most commonly seen in?

Answer 64

German shepherd

Question 65

Osteosarcomas in large breeds of dogs such as?

Answer 65

Great Danes, Saint Bernard and Irish wolfhound.

Question 66

- determines the exposure of animals to carcinogens.

Answer 66

Environmental factors

Question 67

prolonged exposure to sunlight predisposes to skin cancer in what kind of species ?

Answer 67

Cat, Cattle & Humans

Question 68

exposure of cattle to bracken fern may lead to?

Answer 68

bladder neoplasm

Question 69

In the process of transformation, neoplastic cells acquire ________, this may be located on the cell surface membranes, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus

Answer 69

neoantigens

Question 70

Neoantigens occur at the surface; they are also called?

Answer 70

tumor-specific transplantation antigens

Question 71

TSTA’s of tumors produced by chemical carcinogens is called?

Answer 71

Private carcinogens

Question 72

usually occur on skin and may have a variety of forms from pedunculated to flat, smooth or villous. e.g., warts or “kulugo”

Answer 72

Papilloma (s)

Question 73

occur in glands e.g., common in dogs as circumanal gland adenoma sebaceous gland adenoma, mammary gland adenoma, thyroid gland adenoma

Answer 73

adenomas

Question 74

a smooth, spherical or membranous mass projecting on a mucosal surface; maybe broad-based or pedunculated.

Answer 74

polyp

Question 75

A common group of epithelial tumors in dogs is the?

Answer 75

basal cell group

Question 76

sebaceous gland adenoma hair follicle tumor

Answer 76

trichoephetilioma

Question 77

common in the skin of dogs

Answer 77

hemangiomas

Question 78

the proper term for malignant lymphocytes

Answer 78

lypmhosarcoma

Question 79

– a clinical term for malignant cells circulating in the bloodstream. This feature is more consistent in myelogenous leukemia.

Answer 79

Leukemia

Question 80

malignancy usually involves the granulocytic group (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and may also involve the red cells and the megakaryocytes.

Answer 80

myelogenous leukemia.

Question 81

are the proper terms that can be used when non-specificity of lesion arising from the bone marrow

Answer 81

Reticuloendotheliosis & myeloproliferative disorder

Question 82

is the common descriptive term used for usually or greatly enlarged organ.

Answer 82

abnormal mass

Question 83

ulcerated lesion particularly on body **surfaces. Size is no indication of prognosis**; a tiny tumor may be highly malignant and a huge one may be benign. Benign tumors tend to be discrete masses.

Answer 83

Persistent non healing ulcerating lesion

Question 84

term that is used to describe a **monotonous pattern of masses of cells** with similar appearance and very little apparent stromal support, just cell after cell after cell.

Answer 84

sheet of cells

Question 85

these are characterized by cells forming or attempting to form acinar units, as in a secretory gland like the thyroid or mammary gland.

Answer 85

Acinar arrangements

Question 86

are typical of endocrine tumors in which a clump or nests of cells is surrounded by a narrow band of connective tissue stroma

Answer 86

Nest of cells

Question 87

– occur when cells line up in a **picket fence-type** arrangement along a strand of connective tissue

Answer 87

Palisading or trabecular patterns

Question 88

- occur when a single, double or **finger-like projection of tumor cells** invade surrounding tissue

Answer 88

tubular arrangements

Question 89

the reaction when the **stroma is very dense** and perhaps even predominating over actual tumor cells.

Answer 89

Scirrhous

Question 90

When **there is little apparent stroma**, stromal arrangements may be described, in the case of nests?

Answer 90

locular

Question 91

When there is **little apparent stroma**, stromal arrangements may be described, in the case of sheets of cells.

Answer 91

scant

Question 92

- this theory states that a tumor must find a “suitable soil” for its growth requirements before it will survive as a metastatic nodule

Answer 92

soil theory

Question 93

- this theory states that the tumor will grow wherever it lands, and only mechanical factors and chance influence sites of metastases.

Answer 93

mechanical theory

Question 94

– the most important method in tumor diagnoses

Answer 94

Histologic examinations

Question 95

- detected in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma - abnormal antigen detected in blood of patient with neoplastic condition - produced by fetal hepatocytes but normally disappears late in fetal life.

Answer 95

alpha fetal globin

Question 96

– widely used for cancer detection particularly in respiratory and gastrointestinal tumors

Answer 96

cariconoembryonic antigen

Question 97

are genes whose products are associated with neoplastic transformation

Answer 97

oncogenesis

Question 98

are normal cellular genes that affect growth and differentiation.

Answer 98

proto-oncogens

Question 99

Transduction into retroviruses

Answer 99

v-oncs

Question 100

Changes in site that affect their expression and/or function, therebyconverting them into.

Answer 100

C-oncs

Question 101

v-oncs stands for

Answer 101

viral oncogenes

Question 102

c-oncs stands for

Answer 102

cellular oncogens