DIT Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards
(272 cards)
1
Q
Most common cause of neural tube defects
A
Folate deficiency
2
Q
Most common cause of congenital malformations
A
Alcohol use during pregnancy
3
Q
Most common cause of congenital mental retardation in the US
A
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
4
Q
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, and lens dislocation
A
Marfan Syndrome
5
Q
Hereditary Nephritis, Cataracts, and sensorineural hearing loss
A
Alport Syndrome
6
Q
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
A
Bells Palsy
7
Q
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
A
Horner Syndrome
8
Q
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain
A
Senile plaques (Alzheimer Disease)
9
Q
Drooling farmer
A
Organophosphate poisoning
10
Q
Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
A
Sheehan’s Syndrome
11
Q
Infertility, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopsia
A
Prolactinoma
12
Q
4 most common causes of Cushing Syndrome
A
- Exogenous cortisol
- Ectopic ACTH
- Cushing Disease (Pituitary adenoma)
- Adrenal adenoma (very rare)
13
Q
Most common tumor of the adrenal
A
Benign nonfunctional adrenal adenoma
14
Q
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
A
Pheochromocytoma
15
Q
Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
A
Neuroblastoma
16
Q
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
A
Adrenal adenoma
17
Q
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
A
Spironolactone or Eplerenone
18
Q
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
A
Non-selective alpha-blocker (phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine)
19
Q
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
A
MEN2a
20
Q
Pheochromocytoma, Medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
A
MEN2b
21
Q
Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
A
Addison’s disease
22
Q
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
A
Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)
23
Q
Most common thyroid cancer
A
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
24
Q
Cold intolerance
A
Hypothyroidism
25
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
These are called "Orphan Annie Eye" nuclei. Seen in Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
26
Most common infections seen in chronic granulomatous disease
Staph Aureus, E. Coli, Klebsiella, Aspergillus, Candida
27
Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (JOB syndrome)
28
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi disease
29
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi Sarcoma
30
Large cells with owl's eye inclusions
CMV
31
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir
32
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jiroveci
33
Drug used to prevent pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
TMP-SMX
34
Dysphagia, glossitis and iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
35
Hematemesis with retching
Usually Mallory Weiss Tear
36
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Signet-ring cell seen in gastric cancer
37
Most common type of stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
38
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenberg tumor
39
Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
40
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
41
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
42
Painless jaundice
Pancreatic cancer (especially in the head of the pancreas)
43
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Gallstones & Alcohol
44
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
45
Standard treatment for DKA
IV fluids, IV insulin, Potassium replacement
46
Standard treatment for Type I DM
Insulin + low glycemic diet
47
Standard treatment for Type II DM
Oral hypoglycemic drugs, possibly insulin, low-sugar diet, weight loss
48
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
49
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease
50
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folate
51
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty Liver Disease
52
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
53
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
54
Sever hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Type I Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
55
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
56
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari Syndrome (No JVD)
57
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Wilson Disease
58
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson Disease
59
Cirrhosis, diabetes and hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis
60
Treatment for chronic hepatitis
Interferon Alpha
61
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
Heparin or Low Molecular Weight Heparin
62
Preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
Warfarin
63
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
Heparin or Low Molecular Weight Heparin
64
A boy with self-mutilating behavior, mental retardation, and gout
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
65
Elevated Uric Acid levels
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Tumor Lysis syndrome
Loop or thiazide diuretics
66
Bluish-colored lines on the gingivae
These are Burton's lines, seen in lead poisoning
67
Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
Thalassemia
Lead poisoning
68
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (Usually B12 or Folate deficiency)
69
Skull x-ray shows a "hair-on-end" appearance
Marrow hyperplasia (Beta Thalassemia or sickle cell anemia)
70
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning
71
Painful cyanosis of the finger and toes, with hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinins (cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
72
Red urine in the morning, and fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
73
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
74
Autosplenectomy
Sickle Cell disease
75
Drug used to treat sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea
76
Antiplatelet Antibodies
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
77
Bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier Disease
78
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
VwF disease
79
Cancer most commonly associated with a noninfectious fever
Hodgkin Lymphoma
80
"Smudge cells"
CLL
81
"Punched out" Lytic lesions
Multiple Myeloma
82
Sheets of lymphoid cells, with a "Starry sky" appearance
Burkitt Lymphoma
83
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins
Multiple Myeloma
84
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple Myeloma
MGUS
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
85
Reddish-Pink rods in the cytoplasma of leukemic blasts
Auer Rods
86
Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent "Owl's eye inclusions"
Reed Sternberg Cells
87
Treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D supplementation
88
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)
89
Most common vitamin deficiency in the US
Folate deficiency
90
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 or folate deficiency)
91
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency
Wet Beriberi sx include the cardiomyopathy and edema
Dry Beriberi sx include the polyneuropathy
92
Most common cancer of the appendix
Carcinoid tumor
93
Most common surgical emergency
Appendicitis
94
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
95
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
96
Severe right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness
Appendicitis (this is McBurney's sign)
97
"Apple core" lesion on barium enema
Colon cancer
98
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid colon
99
"string sign" on contrast x-ray
Crohn's disease
100
"lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
Ulcerative colitis
101
Food poisoning due to exotoxin
Staph Aureus or Bacillus Cereus
102
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
103
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in an HIV patient
Toxoplasma Gondii
104
Treatment for Trichomonas Vaginalis
Metronidazole
105
Most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
106
Most common helminth infection in the US
Enterobius Vermicularis
107
Second most common helminth infection in the US
Ascaris Lumbricoides
108
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
Kartagener Syndrome
109
Elevated D-dimer
DVT +/- Pulmonary embolism
110
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow's Triad
111
Blue bloater
Chronic Bronchitis (Hypoxemia, hypercapnia)
112
Pink puffer
Emphysema (dyspnea, hyperventilation)
113
Curschmann's spirals
Shed epithelium from mucus plugs that occur in asthma
114
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
COPD
115
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
116
Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
Wegeners Granulomatosis or Goodpastures disease
117
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpastures disease
118
Honeycomb lung on x-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
119
"Tennis Racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (Histiocytosis X)
120
Most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. Coli, Pseudomonas
121
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Small cell lung cancer
122
Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies -> Asbestos
123
Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisonings
Staph Aureus & Bacillus Cereus
124
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
125
Calcified granuloma in the lung, plus hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex
126
Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss
Pott's disease (vertebral TB infection)
127
Standard treatment regimen for TB
```
"RIPE"
Rifampin
Isoniazid (with B6)
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
```
128
Standard treatment for T. Pallidum
Penicillin G
129
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
130
A non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre of primary Syphilis
131
Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
Condylomata lata of secondary Syphilis
132
Large bull's-eye rash
Erythema Chronicum Migrans seen in Lyme disease
133
Continuous machinery-like heart murmur
Patent ductus arteriosus
134
"Boot-shaped heart"
Adult: Right ventricular hypertrophy
Child: Tetralogy of Fallot
135
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
136
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
Ventricular septal defect
137
Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
138
Cor pulmonale
Right heart failure due to pulmonary disease
139
Nutmeg liver
Passive congestion due to right heart failure or Budd-chiari syndrome
140
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic regurgitation
141
Most common congenital heart murmur
Mitral valve prolapse
142
Chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and a persistent fever occuring several weeks after an MI
Dressler Syndrome
143
Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
Bacterial endocarditis
144
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots
145
Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral valve
146
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with bacterial endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
147
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies in Rheumatic heart disease
148
Most common cardiac tumor in adults
Metastasis is the most common cardiac tumor in adults but Left atrial myxoma is the most common primary tumor in adults
149
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
150
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
United States = Lupus
| Developing countries = TB
151
Cold, pale, painful digits
Raynaud Phenomenon
152
c-ANCA
Wegeners granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
153
p-ANCA
Microscopic polyangiitis & Churg-Strauss
154
Treatment for Buergers disease
Stop smoking
155
Treatment for Temporal (Giant cell) arteritis
High-dose steroids
156
"worst headache of my life"
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
157
Lucid interval following head trauma
Epidural hematoma
158
Bloody CSF on LP
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
159
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
Rupture of the bridging veins
160
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
161
Tow extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Positive babinski sign (Up going reflex)
162
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and a positive babinski sign
Upper motor neuron lesion
163
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy
Lower motor neuron lesion
164
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
Parkinsons disease
165
Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntingtons disease
166
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies (seen in Parkinsons and Lewy Body Disease)
167
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
168
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
Tabes Dorsalis (seen in tertiary Syphilis)
169
Demyelinating disease in a young woman
Multiple Sclerosis
170
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
ALS
171
Newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
Erb-Duchenne Palsy (Damage to superior roots of brachial plexus)
172
Bone enlargement, bone pain, and arthritis
Paget disease of the bone
173
Vertebral compression fractures
Osteoporosis
174
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
175
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
176
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure
177
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental parathyroidectomy
178
Facial muscle spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek's sign
179
Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN I
180
Positive anterior drawer sign
Torn ACL
181
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Podagra (Gout)
182
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis (Because the joints are hard)
183
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
184
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjogren syndrome
185
Positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
Pseudogout
186
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Gout
187
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
Osteoarthritis
188
Bamboo spine on X-ray
Ankylosing Spondylitis
189
HLA-B27
```
Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
"PAIR"
Psoriatic Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
```
190
Anti-smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
Drug-induced lupus
191
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST Scleroderma
192
Anti-Topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse Scleroderma
193
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
Lupus
194
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus nephritis
195
Most common cardiac manifestation of SLE
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
196
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Saquamous cell carcinoma
197
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
198
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii
199
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS patients
Fluconazole
200
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS patients
TMP-SMX
201
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
Oral Potassium iodide
or
Itraconazole
202
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin
Or
Fluconazole
203
Treatment for systemic candidiasis
Amphotericin B
204
Pupil that accommodates but does not react to light
Argyll-Robertson Pupil (Due to neurosyphilis)
205
Most common medication for ADHD
Methylphenidate
206
Most common medication for bulimia nervosa
SSRI
207
Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines
208
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics anonymous
209
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke Encephalopathy
210
Most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer disease
211
Second most common cause of dementia
Multi-infarct dementia
212
Extracellular amyloid deposits in the grey matter
Senile plaques in Alzheimer disease
213
Intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease)
214
Intracellular sperical aggregates of tau protein, see on silver stain
Pick bodies seen in Pick disease
215
Treatment for central DI
Desmopressin
216
Treatment for nephrogenic DI
Hydrochlorothiazide, Indomethacin, Amiloride
217
Treatmetn for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
Amiloride
218
Nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules
219
Glomerulonephritis plus pulmonary vasculitis
Wegener's Granulomatosis
220
Red cell casts
Acute glomerulonephritis
221
Waxy casts
Advanced renal disease/Chronic renal failure
222
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis
223
Most common renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma
224
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium stone
225
Type of renal stone associated with proteus vulgaris
Struvite stone (Ammonium magnesium phosphate) - Can form Staghorn calculi
226
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
227
Most common bacteria in a patient with Struvite kidney stones
Proteus (also Staph)
228
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
Kaposi Sarcoma (HHV-8)
229
Temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1 Encephalitis
230
Owl's eye inclusions in monocytes
CMV infection
231
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Type A Cowdry bodies (HSV & CMV)
232
Aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient
Parvovirus B19
233
Child with a fever and "slapped cheek" rash on the face that spreads to his body
Fifth disease (Parvovirus B19)
234
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
Measles (Rubeola)
235
Small irregular blue-gray spots on the buccal mucosa, surrounded by a base of red
Koplik spots (Measles)
236
Most common etiology of nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. Coli, Pseudomonas
237
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in neonates
Group B strep (Followed by E. Coli and then Listeria)
238
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in children
Strep pneumoniae (Followed by Neisseria meningitidis)
239
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in adults
Strep pneumoniae (Followed by Neisseria meningitidis)
240
Osteomyelitis in an IV drug user
Staph aureus or Pseudomonas (Staph is overall the most common but they might be hinting at Pseudomonas with the IV drug abuse)
241
Osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient
Salmonella (Staph is actually still more common but salmonella is particularly common in sickle cell patients)
242
Most common reportable STD
Chlamydia
243
Non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Primary Syphillis
244
Painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion, with exudate
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
245
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells on a wet prep of vaginal discharge
Clue cells (Bacterial vaginosis)
246
Common treatment for Syphillis
Penicillin
247
Common treatment for Trichomonas
Metronidazole
248
Common treatment for Chlamydia
Doxycycline or Azithromycin
249
Common treatment for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone (usually treat Chlamydia also due to common co-infection. Thus Ceftriaxone + Doxycycline or Azithromycin)
250
Most common cancer in men
Prostate cancer
251
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
252
Most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Sildenafil)
253
Dysplastic cervical cells, with enlarged dark nuclei
Koilocyte
254
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
255
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma
256
Most common gynecologic malignancy in the US
Endometrial carcinoma
257
Most common gynegologic malignancy worldwide
Cervical cancer
258
Chocolate cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
259
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
260
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
261
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (Granulosa-Theca cell tumor)
262
Increased AFP on amniocentesis
Neural tube defects, anencephaly, incorrect pregnancy dating
263
Most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Down syndrome
264
Second most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Fragile-X syndrome
265
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
266
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput, small jaw
Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome)
267
Most common cancer in women in the US
Breast cancer
268
Most common benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
269
Most common malignant breast tumor
Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma
270
Blue dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic change
271
Treatment for ER(+) breast cancer
Tamoxifen
272
Red, itchy, swollen rash on the areola and nipple
Paget disease of the breast
