Diverse Places EQ1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
what is the definition of place
A
it is an old term that has been recently revived in geography. It is interchangeable with area or location. Places are part of geographical space, but do not necessarily have definite boundaries
2
Q
what factors affect death rate
A
healthcare
demographics and age
lifestyle
nutrition
3
Q
what factors affect brith rate
A
access to contraception
education
religious / cultural reasons
4
Q
what is urbanisation
A
increase of the amount of people living in urban areas
5
Q
what is ageing population
A
when there is a large proportion of elderly people. Low birth rate and high life expectancy
6
Q
what is the demographic transition model (DTM)
A
a model that shows how a country’s population changes over time as it develops economically and socially. It is divided into 5 stages all showing the birth rates, death rates and overall population size
7
Q
describe stage 1 of the DTM
A
High fluctuating : high birth rates and high death rates. Total population size is low. mostly seen in pre-industrial societies
8
Q
reasons for stage 1 of the DTM
A
poor healthcare, disease, famine, limited sanitation.
9
Q
describe stage 2 of the DTM
A
early expanding : death rates decline birth rates stay high population begins to grow. mostly seen in developing countries
10
Q
reasons for stage 2 of the DTM
A
improved healthcare, sanitation and food supply
11
Q
describe stage 3 of the DTM
A
late expanding : birth rates start declining and death rates continue to decrease but population growth slows down but still increasing. found in countries undergoing industrialisation
12
Q
reasons for stage 3 of the DTM
A
urbanisation, family planning and education
13
Q
describe stage 4 of the DTM
A
low fluctuating : birth and death rates are both low leading to stable population growth. many developed nations are in this stage
14
Q
reasons for stage 4 of the DTM
A
high life expectancy, access to contraception, economic prosperity reduce birth rates
15
Q
describe stage 5 of the DTM
A
declining : birth rates drop below the death rates leading to population decline. this is very developed countries such as Japan and Germany
16
Q
reasons for stage 5 of the DTM
A
ageing population, low fertility rates, changing social dynamic
17
Q
why was there a large birth rate in the 1960s in the UK
A
after ww2 there was a baby boom, families sought stability and growth, economic prosperity
18
Q
why was there a decline in fertility in the 1970s in the UK
A
women deciding to focus on careers, cultural and social changes. women also had more access to contraception
19
Q
why was there a rise in fertility in the 1980s in the UK
A
baby boomers having their own children
20
Q
why was there a rise in population in the early 2000s in the UK
A
increased migration due to relaxed laws and EU expansion
21
Q
where has the most amount of population growth been in the UK
A
London and south east
22
Q
where has the least amount of population growth been in the UK
A
north east and Scottish highlands
23
Q
what is the population growth in London
A
44%
24
Q
what is the population growth in blackpool
A
-2%
25
what is the population density of england
406 per km²
26
what is the population density of scotland
67 per km²
27
what is the population density of the uk
250 per km²
28
which regions are below the UK average population density
north, south west, east Anglia
29
which regions are above the UK average population density
south east and north west belt ( London Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool)
30
why does London have high population growth
- natural increase, lots of young people
- international and domestic migration
- economic hub of the UK
- education and universities
- infrastructure, investment
- cultural and social appeal
31
define population density
the number of people per unit of area usually km ². i.e the total population of an area divided by its area
31
what is population structure
composition of the population in a particular county, region or area. key aspects of this composition are age groups and balance between male and female. Other aspects include life expectancy, family size and marital status
32
what is the dependency ratio
compares the number of people not in the workforce verses the number of working age to give an idea of economic burden
33
dependency ratio formula
34
what is the rural urban continuum
a model of the gradual transition between rural and urban areas, rather than a sharp divide between the 2
35
who developed the rural urban continuum
Paul Cloke in the 1970s
36
since 2000 what has Manchester's population increased from and too
422,000 to nearly 600,000
37
why has Manchester experienced population growth
economic expansion
regeneration and infrastructure
higher education
affordability compared to London
international and domestic migration
cultural appeal
38
why has Manchester experienced growth because of economic expansion
it has became a major economic hub for finance, tech and media. BBC, Amazon and big finance companies have heavily invested
39
why has Manchester experienced growth because of regeneration
redevelopment of areas such as Salford quays, and Spinningfields has made it an attractive place to live and work. There has been large investment into public transport, metro-link and tram network
40
why has Manchester experienced growth because of higher education
home to world class universities, UoM and MMU. Many students also choose to stay in the city after graduation
41
why has Manchester experienced growth because of affordability compared to London
lower cost of living, but still good career prospects. Influx of young professionals moving here from London seeking better affordability and quality of life
42
why has Manchester experienced growth because of international and domestic migration
has a diverse economy, culture and welcoming environment
43
why has Manchester experienced growth because of cultural appeal
known for its vibrant music arts and sports culture. Major festivals and thriving nightlife
44
why does Blackpool have population decline
economic decline and job losses
high unemployment
ageing population
education and skills gap
declining health outcomes
lack of major investment
45
why has Blackpool experienced population decline because of economic decline and job losses
it was historically reliant on tourism or British people. Rise of budget airlines and overseas travel meant visitor numbers declined. Blackpool now has the lowest average wages in the UK
46
why has Blackpool experienced population decline because of high unemployment
it has one of the highest unemployment rates in the UK. People leave to look for better job prospects. E.g to Liverpool, Manchester
high levels of poverty, poor health and social deprivation
47
why has Blackpool experienced population decline because of ageing population
many younger people choose to leave for higher education and better job prospects. Low birth rates and number over 65 increasing and the amount of people working age is declining
48
why has Blackpool experienced population decline because of education and skills gap
low education attainment levels. People who pursue higher education move elsewhere. Fewer high skilled jobs cause a brain drain as people move to other areas
49
why has Blackpool experienced population decline because of declining health outcomes
worst health statistics in the UK. High smoking rates, alcohol abuse and lower life expectancy than national average
50
why has Blackpool experienced population decline because of lack of major investment
investment into new industries is slower compared to the rest of the UK. Limited infrastructure and transport connections
51
what population density does the CBD have
low population desnity
52
reasons why the CBD has a lower population density (e.g. Northumberland St)
historically the need for housing in town centres decreased as commerce took over and public and private transport became available
53
what population density does the inner urban ridge have (e.g. Elswick)
high population density
54
reasons why the inner urban ridge has a high population density
made from lots of high density terrace housing originally for industrial workers and now many have been replaced with high rise flats
55
what population density does the interwar suburban depression have
lower density
56
reasons why the interwar suburban depression has a lower population density
during the interwar period (1918-1939) much of the housing built was lower density (3/4 bedroom with a garden) so there is a lower density overall
57
what population density does the rural urban fringe have
higher density that interwar suburban but lower than inner urban ridge
58
reasons why the rural urban fringe has a rise in population density
the number and densities of housing built since WW2 has increased due to planning laws. Large social housing estates have traditionally been built on rural urban fringes
59
what population density does beyond the urban fringe have
low population density
60
reasons why the beyond the urban fringe has low population density
density reaches its lowest in remote rural areas. But this is punctured by peaks of commuter settlements, market towns and villages
61
what was the UKs population like pre - 1750 (pre-industrial)
youthful population, high birth rates, very high amount of children and a small amount of people were 65 or over
62
reasons for the UKs population characteristics pre - 1750
lack of contraception
high infant mortality rate
high death rate because of disease
63
what was the UKs population like 1759 - 1880 (industrial revolution)
birth rate further increased
lower infant mortality rate
death rate decreased
64
reasons for the UKs population characteristics in 1750 - 1880
industrial revolution
improvements to healthcare so less deaths from disease and lowers infant mortality rates
65
what was the UKs population like in 1880 - 1940 (second industrial revolution)
birth rate decreases
amount of young people decreased then increased again
lower infant mortality rates
66
reasons for the UKs population characteristics in 1880 - 1940
second industrial revolution, technological advances
access to contraception
war baby boom so increase in birth rates
wealth increase so people want less children
67
what was the UKs population like in post 1940 (modern)
lower birth rate
ageing population
more elderly people
low death rate
68
reasons for the UKs population characteristics post 1940
less and less people are choosing to have children
very good medical care so lower death rate leads to more old people and low infant mortality rates
69
what factors affect the fertility rate of a country
highly educated women
womans emancipation
secondary / tertiary based economy
abortion laws
access to contraception
education / family planning
tradition and culture
low infant mortality
70
when was the UKs abortion law
1967
71
what factors affect mortality rate of a country
ageing population
improved healthcare
education on smoking/diet/alcohol
culture
crime
finance / deprivation
sanitation
mental health
72
what is total fertility rate
average number of children born to a women assuming she were to meet age-specific fertility rates and survive to the end of her reproductive life
73
what is mortality rate
average number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
74
what is the fertility rate typically like in urban areas
it has a younger and more diverse population. urban populations tend to have higher fertility rates and therefore higher rates of population growth
75
what is the mortality rate typically like in urban areas
affected by 2 opposing forced:
-better availability of healthcare
-stress and pace of urban areas
76
what is the fertility rate typically like in rural areas
more difficult to generalise. rural areas tend to have older populations with relatively low numbers young adults so they generally have lower fertility rates
77
what is the mortality rate typically like in rural areas
often have higher mortality rates due to the high proportion of old people and young people migrate to larger cities
78
what is the population density in : Newham, Kingston, North Yorkshire and Highland county
8672
4400
68
9
79
what is the average age in : Newham, Kingston, North Yorkshire and Highland county
31
37
40
43
80
what is the largest age group in : Newham, Kingston, North Yorkshire and Highland county
21-40
30-50
40-65
50-80
81
what is the fertility rate in : Newham, Kingston, North Yorkshire and Highland county
77
57
60
56
82
what is the impact of internal migration in : Newham, Kingston, North Yorkshire and Highland county
regeneration
expensive housing
depopulation (young move away)
population growth (retired people)
83
what is the impact of international migration in : Newham, Kingston, North Yorkshire and Highland county
makes up 55% of population
makes up 20% of population
makes up 5% of population
very little
84
name some different types of characteristsic
ethnicity / race
gender
age
sexuality
fertility
qualification levels
cars per household
marital status
accessibility to nearest city
85
define ethnicity
the cultural heritage shared by a group of people that sets them apart from others. The most common characteristics of ethnicity are racial ancestry, a sense if history, language, religion and forms of dress. with the exception of racial characteristics, ethnic differences are learnt not inherited
86
what factors may affect the level of cultural diversity in a settlement
cultural diffusion
diasporas
cultural erosion
laws / policies
places of worship available
87
what are the population characteristics like in London's commuter settlements
even gender balance, high amount of economically active young adults, largely white British, relatively low deprivation
88
what are the population characteristics like in remote Welsh villages
more women than men, high proportion of elderly, overwhelmingly white British, relatively high deprivation
89
what is a lower layer super output area (LSOA)
small areas designed to be a similar population size. Average of 1500 residents. This was produced by the office for national statistics for the reporting of small area statistics and to be a standard way of dividing up the country
90
what is a ward
an administrative area of a local government area for voting purposes
91
what is a local authority
a local government area
92
what is the index of multiple deprivation (IMD)
used to measure the relative deprivation for small areas in England. It ranks every small area in England from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (most deprived)
93
what 7 domains (factors) does the IMD use
income deprivation
employment deprivation
education, skills and training deprivation
health deprivation
crime
barriers to housing and services
living environment deprivation
94
which ward is the main case study
Wingrove
95
what is the mean age in wingrove
30.4
96
what is the main ethnic groups in wingrove
50% white, 37% Asian, 15% Pakistani
97
what are the main religions in wingrove
34% Christian, 30% Muslim
98
what percentage of people are in good health in wingrove
53%
99
what percentage of people own houses in wingrove
30%
100
what percentage of adults are unemployed in wingrove
5%
101
what is the other main case study to contrast wingrove
Llanmadoc
102
what is the average age in Llanmadoc
48
103
what percentage of people are in good health in Llanmadoc
83%
104
what percentage of people own houses in Llanmadoc
84%
105
what is the main ethnic groups in Llanmadoc
99% white 1% other
106
what are the main religions in Llanmadoc
50% Christian 40% no religion
107
what regional influences have shaped the age demographic of Llanmadoc
Lack of services and employment opportunities so young people may choose to migrate to urban areas such as Swansea or Cardiff
108
what national influences have shaped the age demographic of Llanmadoc
desire for second homes, 70% second homes so many young people have to move away because they cannot afford to buy a house without parental help
109
what regional influences have shaped the ethnicity of Llanmadoc
lack of services so people may not want to migrate here. Only one pub and a community shop
110
what international influences have shaped the ethnicity of Llanmadoc
post-production landscape - less workers needed in the primary sector so people will not migrate here for these types of jobs, which is a large proportion of international migration
111
what global influences have shaped the ethnicity of Llanmadoc
peripheral location may explain lack of diversity - 19% still speak welsh
112
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