Globalisation EQ3 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What are single indicators of development
A
Measure one variable ( life expectancy, GDP per capita)
Easy to use and understand but may not give an accurate representation of development
2
Q
What are composite indicators of development
A
Combine more than one variable into a single measure (HDI, GII)
3
Q
Name 2 (spec) economic development indicators
A
GDP per capita
Economic sector balance
4
Q
Name 2 (spec) social development indicators
A
HDI
GII
5
Q
Name 2 environmental development indicators
A
Environmental performance index (EPI)
Air pollution
6
Q
What is GDP per capita
A
Gross domestic product per person
Total value of income divided by population size
7
Q
What is economic sector balance
A
Divide a countries economy into 4 sectors. (Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary). Clark Fischer model plots how the sectors balance changes.
8
Q
What are the pros of GDP per capita to measure economic development
A
Pros
-uses an average
-factors in cost of living
-simple to understand
-easy to compare
9
Q
What are the cons of GDP per capita to measure economic development
A
Cons
-ignores income inequality
-doesn’t account for informal work
-does account for social or environmental factors
-currency/cost of living differences
10
Q
What are the pros of economic sector balance as a measure of development
A
Pros
-Uses multiple factors
-development stage insight
-job market analysis
11
Q
What are the cons of economic sector balance as a measure of development
A
Cons
-neglects informal economy
-oversimplification of economies
-ignores social/economic factors
-not relative to country context
12
Q
What is HDI
A
The human development index is the combination of life expectancy, income, education. Combined economic development (GNI) and social development
13
Q
What are the pros of HDI as a way of measuring development
A
Pros
-multidimensional combination of factors
-a few rich people can’t distort result
-countries are ranked so easy to compare
-focus of wellbeing
14
Q
What are the cons of HDI as a way of measuring development
A
Cons
-excluding environmental factors
-data limitations
-only focus on 3 factors
15
Q
What is GII
A
Combines the reproductive health of women and their participation in the workforce and empowerment. Reproductive health is measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent fertility rate. Empowerment by representation in parliament and participation by % in labour force
16
Q
What are the pros of GII as a measure of development
A
Pros
-Shows both economic and social progress
-gender equality indicates more development
-multidimensional approach
-focus on gender disparities
17
Q
What are the cons of GII as a measure of development
A
Cons
-doesn’t account for cultural norms
-doesn’t account for non binary or transgender
-can’t compare very well
-excludes informal work
-data limitations
18
Q
what is the Environmental Performance Index
A
Measures the amount of pollution found both outdoors in indoors. The lower the number the worse the air quality
19
Q
what are the pros of Environmental performance index (EPI) as a measure of development
A
pros
- easy to compare
-takes into account indoor and outdoor
-multidimensional approach
-links to broader development goals
20
Q
what are the cons of Environmental performance index (EPI) as a measure if development
A
cons
-excludes broader context (soc/ec)
-neglects cultural and regional differences
21
Q
what is the Air pollution indicator
A
measures the amount of air pollution in an area. the higher the number the worse the air pollution
22
Q
what are the pros of Air pollution as a measure of development
A
pros
-shows transition from industrial to post industrial
-easy to compare
-direct health impact
23
Q
what are the cons of Air pollution as a measure of development
A
cons
-data limitations (both quality and quantity)
-limited link to development
24
Q
what is the income per capita in the UK
A
$43,734
25
what is the economic balance in the UK
Ag- 0.69%
Industry- 20%
services- 79%
26
what is the HDI in the UK
0.907
27
What is the Gender inequality in the UK
0.193
28
what is the air pollution in the UK
12
29
what is the income per capita in India
$1,581
30
what is the economic sector balance in India
Ag- 18%
industry- 25%
services- 57%
31
what is the HDI in India
0.608
32
what is the Gender inequality index in India
0.563
33
what is the air pollution in India
66
34
what is the income per capita in Afghanistan
$590
35
what is the economic balance in Afghanistan
Ag- 24%
industry- 21%
services- 50%
36
what is the HDI in Afghanistan
0.465
37
what is the gender inequality index in Afghanistan
0.705
38
what is the Air pollution in Afghanistan
63
39
what is the Lorenz curve
graphical method to show inequality (of wealth) within a society
40
what is on the x and y axis of the Lorenz curve
y axis - % of income
x axis- % of population
41
what does perfect equality look like on the Lorenz curve
straight diagonal line going up
42
what does near perfect equality look like on the Lorenz curve
slightly curved line
43
what does an unequal society look like on the Lorenz curve
very curved line at almost 90 degrees
44
Lorenz curve diagram
45
example of a country with near perfect equality
norway
46
example of a country with an unequal socierty
South Africa in 1970s 70% of population only received 19% of income
47
what is the Gini Co-efficient
mathematical method to show inequality in a society
48
what is the Gini Co-efficient
49
how do you calculate the Gini Co-efficient
area of A on Lorenz curve divided by the area of A and B on the Lorenz curve
50
what is a more equal society on the Gini Co-efficient
closer to 0
51
what is a less equal society on the Gini Co-efficient
closer to 1
52
Why is Europe's Gini Co-efficient typically lower
they believe in a fair society so there should be no big income gaps
53
why is the USA and China's Gini Co-efficient typically higher
they believe in equality of opportunity not equality of outcome. they believe wide income gaps can still be fair
54
what is the Kuznets curve
the environmental Kuznets curve suggests that economic development initially leads to environmental deterioration. But after a certain level society improves its relationship with the environment so degradation reduces
55
Kuznets curve diagram
56
what is on the y and x axis of the Kuznets's curve
y axis- level of environmental degradation
x axis- GDP per capita
57
why is there no guarantee with the Kuznets curve
no guarantee economic development will lead to improved environment, required targeted policies and action
58
what is the Gini Co-efficient in Brazil
0.6
59
what is the Gini Co-efficient in the USA
0.4
60
what is the Gini Co-efficient in Europe and Canada
0.3
61
what is the Gini Co-efficient in most African countries
0.45
62
who are the winners of income inequality
-owners of Global TNC's this is how most of the billionaires how gained their wealth
-developed countries are very good at maintaining their wealthy
-rise of middle class factory workers (call centres in India)
-people who work in TNC's in HIC's have good income and job security
63
who are the losers of income inequality
-isolated an rural parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia who heavily rely on subsistence farming
-workers in industrial cities (Redcar) in developed countries have lost jobs
-workers in sweatshop factories being exploited
-slum dwellers
64
what is a dispora
movement of people who she a nationality / ethnic identity away from their perceived homeland
65
what are the 3 main causes of increased diversity
open boarders
financial deregulation
FDI
66
how does open boarders cause increased diversity
free movement of people across countries (i.e. EU citizens free to move around Europe)
leads to cultural exchange and enrichment
67
how does financial deregulation cause increased diversity
allows for the freedom to invest without barriers
as financial markets expand it attracts people to join the workforce causing more workforce diversity
68
how does FDI cause increased diversity
TNC's invest globally creating a global market and creating many new jobs
69
what are examples of disporas
Indian / Bangladeshi in London
Polish in London
British in Spain
70
what are the two main causes of tensions that arise from globalisation
immigration
distribution of resources
71
what is a PEP
populist extremist party
72
what is the case study of social tension/ political tension caused by globalistation
populist extremist parties in Europe
i.e. reform in UK, marine-le-pen in France, AfD in Germany
73
who typically supports PEPs
losers of globalisation that don't feel heard by government
74
what do supporters of PEPs want try to do
oppose immigration and exclude immigrants and cultural groups
advocate for nationalism
resisting globalisation
75
what can be the result of PEPs
violent rallies, protests, racism, social divides,
76
what is a case study of an environmental tension caused by globalisation
transboundary water conflicts
e.g. the Mekong river flowing from China to Vietnam dams built causing tensions
77
what are the transboundary water conflicts
dams have been built causing tensions over the distribution of water
water insecurity in areas due to rising demand and diminishing supply in others
78
why is there dam development causing transboundary water conflicts
energy demand
economic growth
climate change
geopolitics
agriculture
79
what are the pros of the dam development
renewable energy
flood control
agriculture
trade
tourism
80
what are the cons of the dam development
disruption of fisheries
disrupt to sediment (low sediment)
unequal water distribution
conflict over water rights
81
why are voters in Europe looking to parties on the far right
-nostalgic nationalism
-populist nationalism
-ultra conservative
-neo fascist roots
82
what percentage of parents of babies in London are born outside of the UK
65% (national average is 25%)
83
what are traditional left wing beliefs
laws protect women, ethnic minorities, gays against discrimination
tax rich more
good welfare system
regulate big businesses
LABOUR, GREEN
84
what are traditional right wing beliefs
if you have more money you should be able to keep it
buy better education and health services
business should be less regulated
CONSERVATIVE, REFORM
85
what are 6 ways to increase globalisation
-infrastructure
-open door policy
-SEZs
-outsourcing
-FDI
trade blocs
86
what are 5 ways to limit globalisation
-control/monetise social media
-tarrifs, protectionism
-physical boarders
-corrupt governments
-limiting migration
87
what are 4 government strategies to control the spread of globalisation
1. censorship
2.limiting migration
3.trade protectionism
4.maintaining cultural identity
88
what are examples of places that use state controlled censorship
Chinese news "great firewall of China"
89
what are examples of places that use state monitored censorship
France monitors media
90
what are the 2 types of censorship
state controlled
state monitored
91
why do places use censorship
globalisation is a free flow of information and this is a threat to leadership. censorship is a way to keep control, not show ideas about increasing democracy which would mean less state controlled. China is a communist country so does not want this
92
where in the world are they trying to limit immigration
USA, Australia, Europe
backed by right wing parties : reform, republican
93
how did trump try to limit immigration
built a physical wall, to stop people crossing the boarder
94
how has Australia tried to limit immigration
use a points based system to apply to migrate there. only given status if can benefit them and their economy (e.g. teachers)
95
why may a country want to limit immigration
cheap migrant labour undercuts local wages and job opportunities
don't have enough capacity for healthcare, education, services, housing
96
what migration controls does the UK have
five tier points based system to check that migrants possess skills or resources that the economy needs
97
what do tier 1 migrants have to contribute to the UK economy
invest more than £2 million in the UK or possess exceptional talent
98
why may a country use trade protectionism
the free market can be a challenge for governments as domestic companies cannot compete with cheap overseas prices (e.g. Chinese steel) so their sales are lower.
99
what have been the consequences of a lack of protectionism in the UK
Domestic steel plants could not compete with overseas ones so the owners of Tata steel put all of its UK steel plants up for sale. This sent areas like Redcar into a spiral of decline and into areas of deprivation due to job losses.
100
what is an example of protectionism in the USA
in 2025 Trump put tariffs on nearly all imported goods to promote domestic products. For example trump put an 125% tariff on goods from China
101
what is an example of protectionism in south korea
in south Korea they have the chaebols, powerful conglomerates. They own industrial empires in south Korea with their wealth remaining in their families and the south Korean economy
102
why might a country try to protect their cultural identity
they want to protect their cultural heritage and identity so they are not subject o cultural erosion a common consequence of globalisation. however they will sill try and use globalisation for their economic advantage
103
what is an example of a place that is trying to protect their cultural identity
minority groups in Canada ( first nations )
these indigenous groups have had their land and resources taken away from them during colonial rule, however now current actions of economic development are also threatening them. (Resource exploitation, ski resort)
104
what is a transition town
a settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted 'bottom up' initiatives with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade
105
what is localism
prioritising local over reigonal and global
106
what does localism support
local production and consumption of goods
local control of government
promotion of local history
local culture
local identity
107
what issues from globalisation does localism adress
reduce carbon footprint
reduce consumerism (throw away society)
preserve local history and identity
108
what are the 3 parts to sustainibility
economic
environmental
social
109
what do transition towns do
-promote localism
-bottom up initiatives - community led
-raise awareness of sustainable living
-maximise benefits of local spending
-reduce dependence of fossil fuels
-less reliant on global trade
-respond to issues like climate change
110
what is the link between globalisation and environmental insecurity : food
food demand will double by 2050
increased consumption of meat/dairy
this increases carbon footprint
111
what is the link between globalisation and environmental insecurity : water
increased food production is depleting water supplies
popular products like coffee, jeans and wine have a high water footprint
as countries develop household water use increases
112
what is the link between globalisation and environmental insecurity : energy
there will be a 50% increase in global energy by 2035
this will mean an increase in fossil fuels used, unless innovation in renewables
113
what is the link between globalisation and environmental insecurity : climate
global temperatures are rising
increased consumption of goods such as TVs plastic items has increased the global carbon footprint
114
what is ecological footprint mean
how much natural resources we used compared to what the earth can naturally generate
115
what are the pros of local sourcing
-reduce carbon footprint
-UK farmers have moved up value chain
-use more organic methods
116
what are the cons of local sourcing
-can be expensive
-growing produce out of season (tomato's) is harder as requires more heating which increases carbon footprint
-reduced demand in developing countries weakening their economy
117
what schemes have been used in the transition town Rowlands Gill
-recycling initiatives (primary schools)
-habitat conservation
-community focus, local shops, cafes, community centre art showings
-local heritage in primary schools
117
what are 2 examples of transition towns
Bristol
Rowlands Gill
118
what schemes have been used in the transition town Bristol
-promotion of local trade
-'Bristol pound' a local currency to keep money in the local economy
-one city climate strategy (carbon neutral by 2030)
119
what are 4 actions to manage the ethical and environmental impacts of globalisation
-ethical shopping
-fairtrade
-NGOs
-Recycling
120
what is a circular economy
an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make use dispose), in which we keep resources and extract their maximum value then recover an regenerate products from them at the end of their life
121
what is fair trade
-verifies farmers have good conditions and a fair selling price for goods
-allows farmers to be more environmentally friendly
-invest more in sustainable methods
122
what are the pros of fair trade
-better working conditions for farmers
-farmers earn more money per product
-more environmentally friendly
123
what are the cons of fair trade
-this labelling scheme costs money
-cannot guarantee sales
-can make industries (coffee) overcrowded and too competitive
124
what is ethical shopping
-only buying form businesses where their products are made in good conditions
-fair trade, fair pay / workings hours
125
what is an example of a company that would be ethical shopping
M&S
-only have fair trade coffee + clothing
-clothes are all naturally dyed
-clothes form small businesses
126
what is an example of a company that would not be ethical shopping
Primark, Tesco, Asda
-workers in Bangladesh work 80 hour weeks for only 4p her hour
-unsafe conditions (physical and mental abuse)
-Rana Plaza
127
what are the cons to ethical shopping
-buying organic destroys more forests
-fair trade can increase overproduction
-hard to control what happens in workplaces
128
what is recycling
put recyclable products (plastic, glass) into different bins
gets turned into a new product or reused
helps reduce waste
129
what are the cons to recycling
can become to overcomplicated
some people can't be bothered
average household waste is still on the rise
130
what is an example of an NGO in the UK
keeping Britian tidy
131
what does keeping Britain tidy aim to do
-try to eliminate litter
-improve local places
-inspire / educate next generation
-ending waste
