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DAT > Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Diversity of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two criteria to determine if something is living vs. nonliving?

A
  1. independent metabolism - viruses don’t have this and it’s why they’re considered non-living
  2. ability to self replicate
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2
Q

How is an organism named?

A

genus and species

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3
Q

What are the taxonomic levels?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

*Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

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4
Q

What are the three domains and their cell types?

A

Domain
Archaea —> prokaryotic
Eubacteria —> prokaryotic

Eukarya —> eukaryotic

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5
Q

Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes
- long chromosomes
- linear DNA with histones in nucleus
- organelles
- flagella and cilia 9+2 arrangement

Prokaryotes
- short chromosomes
- circular DNA with no histones or nucleus (*exception: archaea have histones)
- no organelles
- flagella and cilia contain flagellin protein and no 9+2 arrangment

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6
Q

True or False: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have introns

A

False, only eukaryotes do

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7
Q

Flagellin is found in

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

How does the flagella spin and give locomotion?

A

proton motive force (electrical not ATP)

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9
Q

Tubulin is found in

A

Eukaryotes

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10
Q

Make their own food

A

autotrophs

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11
Q

Make their own food from light

A

photoautotroph

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12
Q

Make their own food from chemicals

A

chemoautotroph

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13
Q

Do not make their own food

A

heterotrophs

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14
Q

Obtain energy from living tissues of hosts

A

parasites

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15
Q

Obtain energy and feed from dead, decaying matter which contribute to organic decay

A

Saprophytes/Saprobes

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16
Q

Break down dead and decaying matter

A

Decomposers

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17
Q

Under what conditions do facultative anaerobes prefer?

A

O2 because it is more efficient and produces more ATP

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18
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Archaea

obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 (methane) as a by-product of obtaining energy from H2 to fix CO2

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19
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Archaea that live in extreme environments.

Halophiles (salt lover) - live in high salt concentration

Thermophiles (heat lover) - live in hot temperatures

Other extremophiles live in high acid/base/pressure environments

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20
Q

What domain has ribosome activity which is inhibited by antibiotics like streptomycin and chloramphenicol

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

What are the 5 ways to classify bacteria?

A
  1. How they metabolize food
  2. Ability to produce endospores (tough bodies that contain DNA and cytosol surrounded by tough wall)
  3. How it moves
    - Flagella
    - Corkscrew motion
    - Gliding through slime
  4. Shape
    - Cocci - spherical
    - Bacilli - Rod shaped
    - Spirilla - sprials
  5. Gram positive vs. Gram negative
    - Gram positive - thick peptidoglycan walls - purple
    - Gram negative - Thin peptidoglycan walls - pink
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22
Q

What is teichoic acid?

A
  • only found on gram-positive bacteria
  • used as recognition and binding sites by viruses that cause infection
  • provide cell wall rigidity
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23
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

Bacteria

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis (ex. Blue-green algae)

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24
Q

What are chemosynthetic bacteria?

A

Bacteria

Autotrophs, such as nitrifying bacteria which can convert ammonia to nitrate

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25
Q

What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

Bacteria

Heterotrophs, such as bacteria which can convert nitrate to ammonia

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26
Q

What are spirochetes?

A

Bacteria

coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion

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27
Q

These protists obtain energy by photosynthesis, are categorized by the form of carbohydrate used to store energy, number of flagella and makeup of cell wall.

A

Algaelike (plant-like)

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28
Q

What are euglenoids?

A

Protist - Algaelike (plant-like)

  • Green, unicellular algae
  • no cell wall, protein pellicles that wrap over cell membrane
  • found in fresh water
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29
Q

What are dinoflagellates?

  • most likely to show on DAT
A

Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)

  • contain 2 flagella
  • can be bioluiminescent
  • produce nerve toxin in shellfish, can be harmful to humans and is detrimental to an ecosystem
  • responsible for red tide
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30
Q

What are diatoms?

A

Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)

  • have shells that fit together like box with a lid
  • contain SiO2 (silica)
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31
Q

What are brown algae?

A

Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)

  • muticellular and flagellated sperm cells
  • look like giant seaweed
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32
Q

What are rhodophyta?

A

Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)

  • red algae with pigments called phycobilins
  • multicellular and their gametes do not have flagella
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33
Q

What are chlorophyta?

A

Protist- Algaelike (plant-like)

  • green algae
  • cellulose in cell walls and store energy in form of starch
  • isogamous (sperm and egg equal in size and motile), ansiogamous (sperm and egg differ in size), oogamous (large egg cell remains with parent and fertilized by small, motile sperm)
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34
Q

These unicellular protists are heterotrophs and consume living cells or dead organic matter

A

Animal-like Protozoa

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35
Q

What are rhizopoda?

A

Animal-like Protozoa

  • amoebas which move by pseudopodia
  • feed via phagocytosis
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36
Q

What are foraminifera?

A

Animal-like Protozoa

  • have calcium carbonate shells
  • sediments indicate oil deposits
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37
Q

What are apicomplexans?

A

Animal-like Protozoa

  • parasites
  • complex of organelles at end of cell
  • form spores dispersed by hosts that complete their life cycle
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38
Q

What are ciliates?

A

Animal-like Protozoa

  • cilia for moving
  • most complex (Ex. paramecium)
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39
Q

What are amoebas?

A

Animal-like Protozoa

  • shapeless
  • move via pseudopods
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40
Q

These protists resemble fungi and form filaments/spore-beating bodies similar to fungi

A

Fungus-Like Protists

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41
Q

What are cellular slime molds?

A

Fungs-Like Protists

  • spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria
  • when no food available, they become a slug and mobilize into a stalk with a capsule at the top to release spores
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42
Q

What are plasmodial slime molds?

A

Fungus-Like Protists

  • grow as a single, spreading mass (plasmodium) that feed on decaying vegetation
  • when no food available they mobilize into a stalk with a capsule at the top to release spores
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43
Q

What are oomycota?

A

Fungus-Like Protists

  • water molds, mildews, and white rusts
  • parasites or saprobes
  • cell walls contain cellulose, not chitin
  • hyphae secrete enzymes which digest surrounding substances
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44
Q

These organisms grow as filaments called hyphae and contain cell walls of chitin.

A

Fungi

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45
Q

What are the stages of fungi sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Plasmogamy - fusing of cytoplasm of cells from two different fungal strains without fusing nuclei becoming a dikaryon
  2. Karyogamy - fusing of two haploid nuclei from dikaryon to form single diploid nucleus
  3. Meiosis - daughter cells develop into haploid spores which germinate into haploid hyphae
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46
Q

What are the methods of fungi asexual reproduction?

A
  1. sporangiospores - spores produced in sac-like capsules called sporangia that are each borne on a stalk called a sporangiophore
  2. conidia - a spore formed at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores
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47
Q

What are zygomycota?

A

Fungi

  • reproduce sexually and asexually via sporangia
  • bread molds
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48
Q

What are glomeromycota?

A

Fungi

  • form mutualistic relationships with plant roots called mycorrhiza
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49
Q

What are ascomycota?

A

Fungi

  • reproduce sexually by producing acospores
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50
Q

What are basidiomycota?

A

Fungi

  • reproduce sexually by producing basidiospores
  • can reproduce asexually
  • look like mushrooms from alice in wonderland
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51
Q

What are dueteromycota?

A

Fungi

  • imperfect fungi because they have no known sexual reproductive cycle
  • ex. penicillum which produces penicillin
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52
Q

What are lichens?

A

Fungi

  • symbiotic association with fungi and algae or cyanobacteria
  • can produce toxic chemicals to protect against grazers
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53
Q

What are rhizopus?

A

Fungi

  • fungal pathogen involved in food spoilage
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54
Q

What is candida?

A

Fungi

  • involved in infections of mucous membranes
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55
Q

What are saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

Fungi

  • yeast involved in fermenting sugars to alcohol
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56
Q

How are plants adapted for survival on land?

A
  1. Diploid - two copies of DNA that protects plants against genetic damage
  2. Cuticle - waxy covering that reduces desiccation (drying up/ water loss)
  3. Vascular system - reduces plants dependency on water (i.e., don’t need to be close to water to survive)
  4. Sperm dispersal - sperm packaged as pollen and dispersed with wind
  5. Anthrophyta - flowering plants have gametophytes enclosed and protected inside an ovary
  6. Seasonal variations - seasonal variations exist in response to availability of water and light
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57
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

Plantae - seedless

  • mosses, liverworts, hornworts
  • contain rhizoids instead of roots
  • must remain near water because they lack true roots, leaves, and stems (lack vascular tissues)
58
Q

What are lycophytes?

A

Plantae - seedless

  • club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
  • “resurrection plant” can recover from dead-like appearance after being watered
59
Q

What are pterophytes?

A

Plantae - seedless

  • ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
60
Q

What are microsporangiums? What are megasporangiums?

A

male spores - micro
female spores - mega

61
Q

What are coniferophyta?

A

Plantae - seeded

  • gymnosperms, naked seeds
  • cone bearing
  • pines, firs, spruces, junipers, redwoods, cedars
62
Q

What are anthophyta?

A

Plantae - seeded

-angiosperms
- flowering
-fruit, maple, oaks, grass, etc

63
Q

What are the major parts of the flower?

A
  • Pistil (female)
    1. ovary
    2. style
    3. stigma
  • Stamen (male)
    1. anther
    2. stalk
    3. filament
  • Petals (sepals)
64
Q

Describe the plant divisions

A
65
Q

What characteristics do all species of the Anamalia kingdom share?

A
  1. multicellular
  2. heterotrophic
  3. dominant diploid generation
  4. motile at some part of their life cycle
  5. 2-3 layers of tissues form during embryonic development
66
Q

organisms have a top and bottom but no distinct left and right sides; circular body patterns

A

Radial symmetry

67
Q

When divided by a sagittal plane, the left and right sides of an organism are mirror images

A

Bilateral symmetry

68
Q

Organisms with two embryonic cell layers

A

diploblastic

69
Q

organisms with three embryonic layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

A

triploblastic

70
Q

Lack a coelom

A

acoelomates

coelom is derived from mesoderm, and is fluid-filled cavity that cushions the internal organs

71
Q

Have a cavity, but it is not completely lined by mesoderm-derived tissue

A

Pseudocoelomates

coelom is derived from mesoderm, and is fluid-filled cavity that cushions the internal organs

72
Q

organisms that develop mouth first

A

protosomes

73
Q

organisms that develop anus first

A

deuterostomes

74
Q

What are porifera?

A

Animalia

-sponges
-parazoans
-filter feeding

75
Q

Do not have organized true tissues, and thus organs do not develop

A

Parazoans

76
Q

What are cnidaria?

A

Animalia

-jellyfish, hydrozoans, sea anemones, and corals
- contain nematocysts (stingers)
-carnivores

77
Q

What are platyhelminthes?

A

Animalia

-flatworms (planarians, flukes, tapeworms)
-acoelomate

78
Q

What are nematoda?

A

Animalia

  • roundworms
  • psudeocoelomate
  • free-living soil dwellers that help decompose and recycle nutrients
  • C. elegans
  • Trichnella spiralis can cause trichinosis when humans ingest improperly cooked meats
79
Q

What are rotifera?

A

Animalia

-pseudocoelom
- filter feeders
- capable of parthenogenesis

80
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

The spontaneous activation of an unfertilized mature egg followed by normal divisions and subsequent embryonic development

81
Q

What are mollusca?

A

Animalia

  • snails, octopus, squids, bivalves (clams, mussels)
    -coelom
  • exoskeleton composed of CaCO3

THREE CLASSES

Gastropoda - slugs and snails, single shell

Cephalopoda - octopus and squid, high o2 demand, giant nerve fibers, and closed circulatory system

Bivalvia - clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

82
Q

What are annelida?

A

Animalia

  • segmented worms
  • leeches, earthworms, polychaete worms
83
Q

What are athropoda?

A

Animalia

-spiders, insects, crustaceans
-jointed appendages
-chitin exoskeletons
-nymph (small version of adult) or larvae (cocoons) life cycle

THREE CLASSES:

Insecta - three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, spiracles for breathing
*MOST SPECIES

Arachnida - four pairs of legs, “book lungs”, no antennae (ex spiders and scorpions)

Crustacea - segmented bodies, gills, variable number of appendages, crabs, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, and barnacles, two pairs of antennae

84
Q

What are echinodermata?

A

Animalia

  • sea stars, urchins, and sand dollars
  • coelomate
  • deuterosomes
  • radial symmetry (but bilateral in youth)
85
Q

What are chordata? What are the four features of a chordate?

A

Animalia

  • Organisms with spinal cords

Four Features
1. notochord - functions as support during development and replaced by bone later

  1. dorsal hollow nerve cord - forms nervous system and becomes brain and spinal cord
  2. pharyngeal gill slits - provide channels across the pharynx to the outside body, become gills in fish and eustachian tubes (ears) in other mammals
  3. muscular tail - lost during embryonic development in humans and other mammals

TWO TYPES

Vertebrates - with a backbone or bony skeleton

Invertebrates - without a backbone or bony skeleton

86
Q

What is the most recent to oldest time period?

A

Clean My Pale Pee

(newest) Cenozoic > Mesozoic > Paleozoic > Precambrian (oldest)

87
Q

What era did dinosaurs appear?

A

Mesozoic

88
Q

What is the evolution order of mammals?

A

James Bond: A Real Barbaric Man

Jawless fish, Bony fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

89
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria stain?

A

purple

90
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain?

A

pink

91
Q

True or False: Blue-Green algae is a form of eukaryotic algae.

A

False, blue-green algae is cyanobacteria, which is a type of bacteria

92
Q

What does the prefix -strepto mean?

A

multiples in a chain

93
Q

What does the prefix -staphyl mean?

A

cluster of cells

94
Q

What are the three types if genetic recombination in bacteria?

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transformation
  3. Translation
95
Q

What is transduction in bacteria?

A
  • involves viruses
  • transfer of bacterial DNA via viruses
96
Q

What encloses genetic information in a virus?

A

protein cover called capsid made of capsomeres

97
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A
  • virus injects material in cell and hijacks cell machinery
  • new virus erupts from host cell membrane and kills cell in process
98
Q

This type of ground tissue has thick but flexible cell walls and serves for mechanical support.

A

Collenchyma

99
Q

What is conjugation in bacteria?

A

horizontal gene transfer via a pilus

*pilus attaches and will transfer plasmid to bacteria without a plasmid

100
Q

What is transformation in bacteria?

A

heat or CaCl2 causes bacteria to uptake plasmids from environment

101
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A
  • virus hides in host genome, viral DNA is incorporated in host DNA
  • prophage in bacteria or provirus when dormant
  • when dormant virus receives environmental signal, undergoes lytic cycle and kills cell
102
Q

What do the suffixes -mycota and -mycete mean?

A

fungi

103
Q

This type of ground tissue has the thickest cell walls and provides mechanical support. This ground tissue also produces lignin, a strengthening polymer.

A

Sclerenchyma

104
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA

105
Q

Mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae

A

lichen

algae = photosynthesis
fungi = protects algae

106
Q

This type of tissue includes epidermis cells that cover the outside of plant parts. Guard cells are a type of epidermal cells that surround stomata, hair cells, stinging cells, and glandular cells. This tissue will secrete a waxy substance forming the cuticle

A

Dermal tissue

107
Q

Specialized hyphae used to penetrate cell walls of organisms (parasitic)

A

haustoria

108
Q

A form of asexual reproduction in plants leading to genetically identical offspring

A

vegetative propagation

109
Q

Mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of plants

A

mychorriza

110
Q

The most diverse type of plant

A

angiosperms

111
Q

What is the evolution order of plants from oldest to youngest

A

bryophytes
gymnosperms
angiosperms

112
Q

What does a monocot look like?

A
113
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

114
Q

Differentiate between monocots and dicots

A
115
Q

What does a dicot look like?

A
116
Q

These tissues provide structural support to the plant and thus make up most of the plant’s mess, there are three types of these tissues.

A

Ground Tissue
1. parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

117
Q

The most common ground tissue which has thin walls and function is for storage, photosynthesis and secretion. An example would be mesophyll cells in leaves.

A

Parenchyma

118
Q

What is abscisic acid?

A

plant hormone that slows cell growth.

119
Q

What is thigmotropism?

A

a plant’s response to touch

120
Q

An action that intensifies a condition so that it is driven further beyond its natural limits. Example, labour, lactation, orgasm.

A

Positive feedback

121
Q

This tissue consists of the xylem and phloem

A

Vascular tissue

122
Q

What is the xylem?

A
  • conducts water and minerals upwards
  • two xylem cells:
    1. tracheids: long and tapered, pass water from one another via pits
    2. vessel elements: short, wide, with no taper, pass water through perforations (more efficient water movement)
123
Q

What is the phloem?

A
  • conducts sugars downward
  • sieve tubes pass sugars and where two sieve tubes meet is a sieve plate
124
Q

What are the parts of a seed?

A
  1. epicotyl: becomes shoot tip
  2. plumule: young leaves
  3. hypocotyl: base of shoot
  4. radicles: become roots
  5. coleoptiles: surrounds and protects epicotyl in monocots
125
Q

What are the four parts of root growth?

A
  1. Root cap - root tip which protects the apical meristem, secretes polysaccharides that moisten the soil and permit root growth
  2. Zone of cell division - forms from dividing cells of apical meristem
  3. Zone of elongation - cells from zone of cell division absorb water and elongate (this is our perception of growth)
  4. Zone of maturation - cells differentiate and mature into xylem, phloem, parenchyma, or epidermal cells
126
Q

What is cork cambium?

A

Narrow cylindrical sheath of cells between the exterior of a woody roots or stem and the central vascular tissue (lateral meristem forms the periderm)

Is bark on the outside and each secondary growth cycle contains a new ring

127
Q

What are guard cells?

A

cells that open and close the stomata

128
Q

How does water move through roots?

A

Apoplastic pathway - water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces, without ever entering cells

Symplastic pathway - water moves from the cytoplasm of one cell to another via plasmodesmata

129
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Capillary action occurs when a liquid rises in a thin tube because the adhesive forces between the tube and the liquid are stronger than the cohesive forces between liquid’s molecules.

130
Q

How do fish respire?

A
  • gills
  • countercurrent exchange; opposing movements of water and blood maximizes diffusion
131
Q

What is the cohesion-tension theory?

A
  1. transpiration - water evaporates from leaves causing a negative pressure (tension) to develop
  2. cohesion - attraction between water molecules allows water to move in a single column from roots to leaves
  3. bulk flow - sun causes water loss in leaf and an entire column of water molecules will follow
132
Q

When are stomata open?

A

They close at night and open during the day because CO2 is low during daylight since it is used for photosynthesis. At night, there are high levels of CO2 because of respiration.

133
Q

What is an auxin?

A

plant hormone that promotes plant growth by increase proton concentration in cell walls

134
Q

What are gibberellins?

A

plant hormone that promotes plant growth via flower and stem elongation

135
Q

What are cytokinins?

A

plant hormones that are produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds

136
Q

What is ethylene?

A

plant hormone - promotes fruit ripening; plant metabolic activity (producing flowers to incr. fertilization)

137
Q

Lines the surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

138
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A plant’s response to light

139
Q

What is gravitropism/geotropism?

A

the response of a plant to gravity

140
Q

Voice box

A

larynx

141
Q

What is photoperiodism?

A

A plant’s response to seasonal changes in length of night and day

DAT (6 decks)

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