Diversity of sociality across the tree of life - Part 1 Flashcards
define phylogenetic tree
a branching diagram illustrating the inferred evolutionary relationships among species through time
phylogenetic tree - where does the inference of the relationships come from
it comes from the summed interpretation of differences among species — many complex inference methods.
All of the species in a phylogeny share a set of ______________________
ancestral characteristics
The ____________________ on a phylogenetic tree is determined based on ____________________________ — similarities that evolved after those seen in the common ancestor
- branching pattern
- shared derived characteristics
With a phylogeny, we can ask __________________________ that has a ____________________________.
- any biological question
- historical component
phylogenies can provide us with a ____________________ from the most recent species back to the origin of life
time scale
regarding phylogenies, we are especially interested in the ____________________________________ within a group of organisms, and _____________________________________ over time
- history of when societies evolved
- how the social structure has changed
Every phylogeny is just our best ________________ for the history of life, based on the best available data.
hypothesis
Terminal taxa (or “tips”)
The modern day representatives of a lineage — the living descendants of the single common ancestor
Root (node)
The single common ancestor of all other depicted species.
Node
Representative of a branching point in evolutionary history — one ancestor that gives rise to two or more species or “clades”
Clade
An ancestral species and all of its descendants
Sister taxon
The taxonomic grouping that shares the nearest common ancestor to the grouping of interest
Branch
Represents the degree of divergence since the last node (may be molecular divergence, character divergence, or time).
Total distance (sum of branches)
Total divergence between taxa
