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Ecology & Evolution of Societies > Societies and shelter - part 1 > Flashcards

Societies and shelter - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

categories of the ecological interactions that species and individuals engage in

A
  • biotic
  • abiotic
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2
Q

define biotic interactions

A
  • interactions involving an organism and other organisms
  • can be further categorized by their outcome
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3
Q

define abiotic interactions

A

interactions involving an organism and its environment

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4
Q

what are consumer-resource interactions and their outcome

A
  • predation/parasitoidism
  • parasitism
  • herbivory
  • all of these have a + / - outcome
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5
Q

outcome of competition

A

-/-

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6
Q

outcome of mutualism

A

+ / +

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7
Q

outcome of commensalism

A

+ / 0

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8
Q

ecological scale of space use (from large scale to small scale)

A
  • biogeographical distribution
  • fundamental niche
  • realized niche
  • individual space use
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9
Q

explain biogeographical distribution

A
  • All species have an established distribution across the face of the earth
  • dictated by 3 things
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10
Q

what is biogeographical distribution dictated by

A
  1. where they first evolved
  2. the conditions they can tolerate
  3. how far they have been able to spread
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11
Q

explain fundamental niche

A
  • within a biogeographical distribution
  • The specific range of conditions a species can tolerate
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12
Q

fundamental niche - examples of conditions

A
  • Latitude
  • Temperature
  • Precipitation
  • Habitat
  • Arboreal vs. terrestrial realm
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13
Q

explain realized niche

A
  • within a fundamental niche
  • the resources a species actually uses are reduced by the interactions it has with other species
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14
Q

realized niche - how can natural enemies create a realized niche

A

Natural enemies force a species to use only a subset of the all the resources they could use in the absence of enemies

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15
Q

realized niche: natural enemies - turtle ants example

A

C. atratus are forced to use only a subset of nesting resources they would otherwise use

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16
Q

explain individual space use

A
  • within a realized niche / species
  • the space an individual (society) uses to secure resources
  • it is dictated by its interactions with members of its species and other species
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17
Q

how do individuals use space, with increasing levels of exclusivity

A
  1. total range
  2. home range
  3. core area
  4. territory
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18
Q

define total range

A

The entire area covered by a society in its lifetime

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19
Q

define home range

A

The area that a society learns to use, and patrols throughout its lifetime.

20
Q

define core area

A

The area of heaviest regular use within the home range.

21
Q

define territory

A

An area occupied more or less exclusively by a society, by means of overt aggression and/or advertisement.

22
Q

what is most important in determining the home range?

A

where the most limited resource is located

23
Q

define Dispersion

A

the pattern of spacing among individual

24
Q

patterns of dispersion

A
  • random
  • evenly spaced
  • clustered
25
Q

explain random dispersion

A
  • Rarely seen
  • null expectation with no interactions
26
Q

explain evenly spaced dispersion

A

Competition over evenly/randomly distributed resources

27
Q

explain clustered dispersion

A

Aggregation around clustered resources, or resulting from social interactions

28
Q

what allows a smaller, more stable home range

A

spatial and temporal clustering of resources

29
Q

what does territoriality allow

A

individual societies exclusive access to valuable spatially and temporally clustered resources

30
Q

when does an area containing resources becomes defensible?

A
  • when it pasts a certain threshold of resource clustering or density
  • then it becomes defensible and favors territories
31
Q

properties of territories

A
  1. “elastic disk”
  2. “invincible center”
  3. “polygonal boundaries”
32
Q

properties of territories - “elastic disk”

A
  • Size and shape can be conceptualized as an “elastic disk”
  • with the society at its center
33
Q

what is the shape of the perimeter and distance from the center dictated by

A

pressure by neighboring societies

34
Q

prosperities of territories - “invincible center”

A

defines the central area of a territory that has the lowest probability of being lost

35
Q

properties of territories - loss of “invincible center” results in what

A

typically means that the organism suffers complete loss of a territory or death.

36
Q

properties of territories - “polygonal boundaries”

A
  • Constant pressure at territory boundaries forms “polygonal boundaries”
  • especially well-defined in social animals
37
Q

Categories of territoriality with increasing levels of defense and exclusivity

A
  1. Defended resources
  2. Spatiotemporal territory
  3. Absolute intraspecific territory
  4. Absolute intraspecific and interspecific territory
38
Q

categories of territoriality - defended resource

A

Area within which rich resources are actively defended for extended periods.

39
Q

categories of territoriality - spatiotemporal territory

A

Territory defended for active periods of the day or seasonally

40
Q

categories of territoriality - absolute intraspecific territory

A

territory defended at all times against intrusion from intraspecific competitors.

41
Q

categories of territoriality - absolute intraspecific and interspecific territory

A

territory defended against all intruders at all times

42
Q

societies and territories - what does social living allow for

A

elevated, potentially constant defense of territory boundary.

43
Q

societies and territories - what kinds of boundaries are seen and why

A
  • Highly dynamic boundaries
  • it is due to constant group pressure and defense.
44
Q

societies and territories - what plays a critical role in territory defense

A
  • division of labor
  • communication
45
Q

societies and territories - what does group size plays a role in

A

plays a critical role in the pressure a society can exert and the expansion of territory size.

Ecology & Evolution of Societies (24 decks)

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