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Ecology & Evolution of Societies > Spectrum of sociality - arthropods > Flashcards

Spectrum of sociality - arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

An exceptional diversity of social structures are seen across organisms. Common themes do exist, especially with respect to patterns of ________________________________.

A

offspring production and rearing

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2
Q

what are major categories of arthropod sociality based on?

A
  1. level of offspring care
  2. level of reproductive division of labor
  3. presence of overlapping generations
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3
Q

defining major categories - level of offspring care

A

do society members care for offspring that are not their own?

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4
Q

defining major categories - level of reproductive division of labor

A

do some society members specialize in offspring production to a greater extent than others?

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5
Q

defining major categories - presence of overlapping generations

A

do older individuals stay with or persist in the society to cooperate with subsequent generations of offspring?

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6
Q

The major categories of sociality in arthropods from least to most complex

A
  1. solitary
  2. subsocial
  3. communal
  4. quasisocial
  5. semisocial
  6. eusocial
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7
Q

define solitary

A

Showing no offspring care, reproductive division of labor, or overlap of generations

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8
Q

define subsocial

A

Adults care for their own offspring for some period of time — simple parental care

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9
Q

define communal

A

members of the same generation share a composite or group shelter, but without cooperating in offspring care.

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10
Q

define quasisocial

A

members of the same generation share a composite or group shelter and cooperate in offspring care

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11
Q

define semisocial

A

members of the same generation share a group shelter, cooperate in offspring care, and show reproductive division of labor.

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12
Q

define eusocial

A

shared group shelter, cooperative offspring care, division of labor, and overlap of generations

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13
Q

The ______________ of insects provide __________________________ to their offspring

A
  • majority
  • no parental care
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14
Q

____________ species provide _____________________ to their offspring past the egg laying stage

A
  • Subsocial
  • some level of care
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15
Q

how can subsocial species parental care vary?

A
  1. type
  2. duration
  3. parental involvement
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16
Q

what is an example of a subsocial species

A

a burying beetle

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17
Q

burying beetle - Mating pair forms over ________________, which is the resource for raising offspring

A

discovery of carrion

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18
Q

burying beetle - The cooperating female-male pair __________________________________.

A

bury carrion, mate, female lays eggs

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19
Q

burying beetle - ______________ to protect and tend to their larvae.

A

Both parents stay

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20
Q

burying beetle - At maturity, _______________________________ from the burrow

A

larvae pupate and parents disperse

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21
Q

communal arthropods typically form ________________________________

A

large aggregate shelters or nests

22
Q

communal arthropods - benefits to shelters

A
  • Greater deterrent to predators
  • Collective defense of shelter
  • Increased food resources
  • Environmental buffering
23
Q

communal arthropods - parental care of each individual are _____________________________________

A

directed towards their own offspring

24
Q

communal arthropods - Each family unit is ___________________________ aggregate shelter

A

spatially clustered within a larger

25
Q

quasisocial arthropods - what forms of cooperation can be found

A
  • Cooperative offspring feeding/provisioning.
  • Cooperative defense.
  • Cooperative shelter construction and maintenance
26
Q

example of a quasisocial species

A

social spiders: cooperative prey capture and shelter defense

27
Q

semisocial arthropods - Cooperative parental care is reinforced with ________________________________________ — a reproductive division of labor.

A

a bias in offspring production among parents

28
Q

define dominance hierarchy

A

The physical domination of some members of a group by other members, creating a stable order for access to reproductive opportunities and other resources within the society

29
Q

example of semisocial arthropods

A

Halictid bees

30
Q

Halictid bees - Differences in reproductive potential (ovary development), reinforced by _________________________, results in a reproductive division of labor

A

dominance interactions

31
Q

define caste

A

individuals that specialize on a well defined subset of tasks within a semi-social or eusocial society for a significant proportion or all of their lives

32
Q

define queen

A

The female caste that specializes in reproduction for the majority or all of its life within a semisocial or eusocial society

33
Q

define worker

A

The caste that specializes in non reproductive tasks within the colony

34
Q

Simplest castes are _______________, often reinforced by ___________________________________.

A
  • behavioral
  • secondary physiological changes
35
Q

______________ castes have evolved in some social species, reinforcing behavioral specialization with a ________________________

A
  • Morphological
  • specialized phenotype
36
Q

All ______________________________ of eusociality show __________________ in extent to which is has evolved

A
  • three defining characteristics
  • massive diversity
37
Q

defining characteristics of eusociality - reproductive division of labor

A

Reproductive division of labor can be:
- strictly behavioral and unstable (usurpation)
- up to extreme morphological differentiation and egg production rates

38
Q

defining characteristics of eusociality - cooperative offspring care

A

Cooperative offspring care can scale from:
- simple feeding bouts to
- complex division of labor in handling and rearing offspring.

39
Q

defining characteristics of eusociality - overlap of generation

A

Overlap of generation can be:
- fleeting at the and of the life of an annual colony, all the way up to
- effectively immortal colonies with continuous overlap of generations of workers and reproductives.

40
Q

eusocial arthropods - degrees in castes

A
  • degrees of reproductive division of labor
  • Degrees of division of labor among non-reproductive individuals
41
Q

eusocial arthropods castes - degrees of reproductive division of labor

A
  • Behavioral queen.
  • Morphological specialized queen.
  • Different queen castes within the same species.
42
Q

eusocial arthropods castes - degrees of division of labor among non-reproductive individuals

A
  • Behavioral worker caste.
  • Behavioral specialization within worker caste.
  • Morphological specialization for a small subset of worker tasks.
43
Q

example of a behavioral caste

A

paper wasps

44
Q

paper wasps - how is the reproductive division of labor produced

A
  • via behavioral dominance
  • aggression is used to maintain reproductive position
45
Q

paper wasps - is the position of the queen stable

A

no, the behavioral “queen” can be usurped at any stage

46
Q

example of an anthropod with morphological castes

A

fire ants

47
Q

fire ants - describe the queen

A

Large, morphologically specialized and highly fecund

48
Q

fire ants - why is there an additional specialized queen

A

it tries to take over nests that have lost their queen

49
Q

fire ants - explain the sequential division of labor among worker caste

A
  1. nurses
  2. within-nest specialists
  3. foragers
50
Q

______________________________ among worker fire ants, reinforces certain specializations - e.g. larger individuals more aggressive in combat.

A

Physical size differentiation

51
Q

define soldier

A

A member of a eusocial society morphologically specialized for defense

52
Q

example of a soldier

A

polyembryonic wasps

Ecology & Evolution of Societies (24 decks)

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