DM And Thyroid

Question 1

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 1

A chronic condition characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 2

What is the primary function of insulin?

Answer 2

To lower blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.

Question 3

What is the primary function of glucagon?

Answer 3

To raise blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.

Question 4

What is the balance between insulin and glucagon critical for?

Answer 4

Maintaining normal blood glucose levels.

Question 5

What are the types of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 5

Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes.

Question 6

What is the purpose of managing Diabetes?

Answer 6

To control blood glucose levels and prevent complications.

Question 7

What are the diagnostic criteria for prediabetes?

Answer 7

Fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL or HbA1c 5.7-6.4%.

Question 8

What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes?

Answer 8

Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5%.

Question 9

What does glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) indicate?

Answer 9

Average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

Question 10

What are the glycemic goals for most adults with diabetes?

Answer 10

HbA1c <7% and fasting glucose 80-130 mg/dL.

Question 11

What are the goals of physiologic (Basal – Bolus) insulin therapy?

Answer 11

To mimic normal insulin secretion and manage blood glucose levels.

Question 12

What is the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 12

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency.

Question 13

What are common symptoms of Type I DM?

Answer 13

Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue.

Question 14

What triggers insulin secretion?

Answer 14

Increased blood glucose levels, certain amino acids, and incretins.

Question 15

What are the subtypes of insulin formulations?

Answer 15

Rapid-acting, Short-acting, Intermediate-acting, Long-acting.

Question 16

What is an example of physiologic insulin delivery?

Answer 16

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion via a pump.

Question 17

What does empiric insulin dosing involve?

Answer 17

Estimating initial insulin requirements based on weight and needs.

Question 18

What factors can alter the onset and duration of insulin action?

Answer 18

Injection site, temperature, and physical activity.

Question 19

What is the correction factor in diabetes management?

Answer 19

The amount of glucose reduction achieved by one unit of insulin.

Question 20

What is hypoglycemia?

Answer 20

A condition where blood glucose levels drop below normal.

Question 21

What are common signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 21

Sweating, trembling, confusion, irritability.

Question 22

What is the treatment for hypoglycemia?

Answer 22

Administering fast-acting carbohydrates.

Question 23

What is an Amylin Analog?

Answer 23

A medication that complements insulin action and slows gastric emptying.

Question 24

What is the impact of pregnancy on diabetes management?

Answer 24

Increased insulin resistance and potential for gestational diabetes.

Question 25

What are biguanides used for?

Answer 25

To improve insulin sensitivity and decrease hepatic glucose production.

Question 26

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

Answer 26

Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.

Question 27

What is the mechanism of action of glitazones?

Answer 27

Enhance insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue.

Question 28

What role do incretins play in glucose homeostasis?

Answer 28

They stimulate insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon release.

Question 29

What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

Answer 29

Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting glucose excretion.

Question 30

What are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors used for?

Answer 30

To slow carbohydrate absorption in the intestines.

Question 31

What are meglitinides?

Answer 31

Medications that stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas.

Question 32

What is the significance of case studies in diabetes management?

Answer 32

They provide practical scenarios to apply theoretical knowledge.

Question 33

What are the functional units of the Thyroid Gland?

Answer 33

Follicles ## Footnote Follicles are responsible for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones.

Question 34

What are the two main thyroid hormones?

Answer 34

T4 and T3 ## Footnote T4 (Thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyronine) are crucial for metabolism.

Question 35

What are Thyroid Function Tests used for?

Answer 35

To assess thyroid hormone levels and function ## Footnote These tests help diagnose thyroid diseases.

Question 36

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 36

A condition where the thyroid gland is underactive and produces insufficient thyroid hormones.

Question 37

List some common signs/symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Answer 37

* Fatigue * Weight gain * Cold intolerance * Dry skin * Hair loss

Question 38

What can cause drug-induced hypothyroidism?

Answer 38

Certain medications that affect thyroid hormone production or metabolism

Question 39

What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?

Answer 39

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy

Question 40

What is Levothyroxine?

Answer 40

A synthetic form of T4 used to treat hypothyroidism ## Footnote Levothyroxine is the most commonly prescribed thyroid hormone replacement.

Question 41

What are some adverse effects of Levothyroxine?

Answer 41

* Hyperthyroidism symptoms * Cardiac issues * Bone density loss

Question 42

What should be included in counseling points for patients on Levothyroxine?

Answer 42

Importance of adherence to medication, monitoring thyroid levels, and recognizing symptoms of over- or under-treatment

Question 43

What are some drug interactions with T4?

Answer 43

* Antacids * Calcium supplements * Iron supplements

Question 44

Who are at-risk populations for hypothyroidism?

Answer 44

* Elderly * Pregnant women * Individuals with a family history

Question 45

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 45

A condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces excessive thyroid hormones.

Question 46

List some common signs/symptoms of hyperthyroid disease.

Answer 46

* Weight loss * Increased appetite * Heat intolerance * Nervousness * Sweating

Question 47

What can cause drug-induced hyperthyroidism?

Answer 47

Certain medications that stimulate thyroid hormone production

Question 48

What is a goiter?

Answer 48

An enlargement of the thyroid gland that can occur in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Question 49

What is the primary treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 49

Thioamides or radioactive iodine therapy

Question 50

What are Thioamides?

Answer 50

Medications that inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis ## Footnote Commonly used in the management of hyperthyroidism.

Question 51

What are Iodides used for in hyperthyroidism?

Answer 51

To rapidly inhibit thyroid hormone release and reduce thyroid vascularity

Question 52

What are some adverse effects/contraindications of Iodides?

Answer 52

* Allergic reactions * Thyroid dysfunction * Pregnancy considerations

Question 53

How do beta blockers help in hyperthyroidism?

Answer 53

They alleviate symptoms such as rapid heart rate and anxiety.

Question 54

What are practice points for managing thyroid diseases?

Answer 54

Regular monitoring of thyroid function, patient education, and individualized treatment plans.

Question 55

What is the significance of references in pharmacology?

Answer 55

They provide evidence-based support for treatment guidelines and drug information.