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Forensics > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

DNA can be described as

A

an inherited molecule, randomized from your mom and dads DNA, that can be used to identify someone

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2
Q

the scientist who developed the first method of DNA fingerprinting

A

Alec Jefferys

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3
Q

the subunit of DNA; composed of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogen base

A

nucleotide

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4
Q

the nucleotide is composed of

A

a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base

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5
Q

nuclear is the type of DNA

A

inherited from both parents and considered uniquely identifying (unless have a identical twin)

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6
Q

chromosome

A

structure where hereditary information is transmitted from one generation to the next

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7
Q

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

A

inherited from your mother and used in cases where human remains have been highly degraded

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8
Q

enzyme that cuts DNA into smaller pieces

A

restriction

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9
Q

which bases pair together

A

cytosine and guinine

adenine and thymine

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10
Q

STR

A

non-coding segment of DNA that is 2-6 base pairs long and can repeat up to 200 times
analysis of tandem repeats

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11
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

process used to separate DNA by fragments by size, individual to each person, separates by size

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12
Q

what was the first DNA analysis technique developed in the 1980’s

A

RFLP and it requires a lot of cells, uses junk segments of DNA (tandem repeats)

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13
Q

VNTR

A

a non-coding segment of DNA that repeats a different amount of tandem repeats from person to person

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14
Q

PCR

A

a process in which one or more specific small regions of the DNA are copied so that a sufficient amount of DNA is generated for analysis

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15
Q

CODIS

A

a collection of databases of DNA profiles obtained from unsolved crimes and from known individuals convicted of particular crimes
CODIS database which evaluates 13 specific DNA locations

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16
Q

in a gel electrophoresis contraption where do you place the DNA
which side are the wells on

A

wells

negative side going towards positive

17
Q

short=

long=

A

faster

slower

18
Q

characteristics of RFLP (type of VNTR)

A

large repeated sequences, large amount of sample, takes a long time for results, and unique

19
Q

characteristics of PCR-STR (type of VNTR)

A

short repeated segments, less DNA small amount sample (PCR), shorter time for results, 13-20 STR’s to create profile

20
Q

What makes DNA evidence unique?

A

Because it is inherited from both parents in a completely random fashion.

21
Q

How are DNA profiles stored?

A

1)Need a minimum of 9 cells to create a DNA profile, 2)all possible sources of DNA need to be photographed or documented before collected, 3)packaged in separate paper bags or envelopes (gloves changed in between handling different evidence), 4) swabs used to collect samples must air dry before placed in swab box, 5)all biological fluids should be handled with least amount of personal contact, 6)all clothing from victims and suspects is collected, 7)stored in cool, dark place, standard samples need to be taken

22
Q

DNA Fingerprinting is the analysis of

A

analysis of the lengths of the fragments that reveal that when looking at multiple VNTRs within and between individuals, no two people have the same assortment of lengths.

23
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

a process used in DNA identification testing in which one or more specific small regions of the DNA are copied using a DNA polymerase enzyme so that a sufficient amount of DNA is generated for analysis.

24
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

a protein harnessed from bacteria that recognizes specific, short nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at those sites

25
Q

Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)

A

repeating units of a DNA sequence

26
Q

sides of ladder

A

sugars and phosphates held together by covalent bonds

27
Q

rungs are made of

A

nitrogen base pairs containing hydrogen bonds

28
Q

term double helix was created by

A

watson and crick

29
Q

char gaff’s rule

A

the DNA of any organism must contain equal amounts of A and T and equal amounts of C and G

30
Q

helicase process

A

breaks hydrogen bonds between two nucleotide strands
uncoiling and unzipping the DNA
creating each new strand that is now a template

31
Q

DNA ligase

A

“glues” the new nucleotide strands together

32
Q

semiconservative replication

A

DNA molecule is made of one old side and one new side, 2 new DNA are identical

33
Q

how can DNA help investigators

A

identify unknown remains
link serial crimes
identify number of suspects/victims involved
identify possible individuals whose DNA had been stored in DNA database
exonerate people who have been wrongfully convicted

34
Q

minimum of __ cells to create a DNA profile

A

9

35
Q

uses of DNA fingerprints

A

paternity testing
identifying remains
match suspect DNA with crime scene DNA

36
Q

weakest bond in DNA

A

hydrogen bonds

37
Q

phosphate:
sugar:
bonds:

A
  • small circle
  • pentagon
  • hexagon

Forensics (10 decks)

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