Serology

Question 1

Serology is the study of

Answer 1

body fluids and stains at a crime scene

Question 2

plasma

Answer 2

fluid portion of blood

Question 3

erythrocytes

Answer 3

red blood cells, they transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells

Question 4

leukocytes

Answer 4

white blood cells, protects body from foreign substances

Question 5

thrombocytes

Answer 5

responsible for blood clotting, platelets

Question 6

serum

Answer 6

fluid remains after blood clotted

Question 7

In 1901

Answer 7

Karl Landsteiner discovered all human blood wasn’t exactly the same

Question 8

for every antigen

Answer 8

there is a specific antibody

Question 9

antibodies

Answer 9

proteins found in plasma/ serum that neutralizes specific antigens

Question 10

antiserum

Answer 10

serum containing one type of antibody

Question 11

antiserum: when complementary antibodies attach to

Answer 11

antigens, they create networks of linked cells, appear clumping (agglutination) not clotting

Question 12

more than __

Answer 12

15 blood antigen systems

Question 13

Characterizing Blood: preliminary color test

Answer 13

First step, reacts with hemoglobin

Question 14

Characterizing Blood: preliminary color test- Kastle-Meyer test

Answer 14

Second Step, produces a bright pink

Question 15

Characterizing Blood: preliminary color test- Hemastix strips

Answer 15

produces green

Question 16

Characterizing Blood: Luminol produces

Answer 16

light when reacting with the iron in hemoglobin, even dilute traces of blood

Question 17

Characterizing Blood: Microscopic Examination

Answer 17

Third Step, used to look for real blood cells

Question 18

In order to tell if the blood is human: precipitin test and then

Answer 18

uses antiserum to test for human blood proteins

After, microscopic examination can identify differences in red blood cells

Question 19

parents transmit information about traits to their offspring using

Answer 19

gametes or sex cells (females- egg cells [ovum] male- spirm cells)

Question 20

each individual has

Answer 20

2 genes for each trait

Question 21

if 2 genes you inherit are same

Answer 21

homozygous

Question 22

if 2 genes you inherit are different

Answer 22

heterozygous

Question 23

different forms of a gene are

Answer 23

alleles

Question 24

genotype

Answer 24

individuals genes (alleles)

Question 25

physical appearance results from

Answer 25

alleles is phenotype

Question 26

not all alleles

Answer 26

get expressed

Question 27

A Type

Answer 27

I^A I^A or I^Ai

Question 28

B Type

Answer 28

I^B I^B or I^Bi

Question 29

AB Type

Answer 29

I^A I^B

Question 30

O Type

Answer 30

ii

Question 31

bloodstain patterns

Answer 31

can provide the "what, when, how" of a crime and allows reconstruction of events

Question 32

What can be learned through bloodstains? Origins of Blood

Answer 32

Approx. distance between source and target surface | estimated time that has elapsed

Question 33

What can be learned through bloodstains? Type and Direction of Impact

Answer 33

approx. speed of droplets impact approx. direction the blood droplets where traveling when they impacted the surface direction in which a weapon may be swinging

Question 34

What can be learned through bloodstains? position of victim or perpetrator

Answer 34

position of victim or suspect

Question 35

What can be learned through bloodstains? Movement and direction after initial assault

Answer 35

direction where blood trailed after impact whether blood was wiped or smeared movement of an individual between focal points (walking, running while bleeding)

Question 36

3 categories of blood

Answer 36

passive blood patterns projected blood patterns transfer/contact blood patterns

Question 37

3 categories of blood; passive blood patterns

Answer 37

created with the force of gravity dripping blood viscosity 4x thicker than water drip stain will not change size after reaching terminal

Question 38

3 categories of blood; projected blood patterns

Answer 38

occurs when a force is applied low-velocity- impact splatters, dripping, 4mm or more diameter medium-velocity- weapon cast off, repetitive drop, explosives high velocity- gun shot, explosives, droplets are highly scattered and less than 2mm

Question 39

3 categories of blood; transfer/contact blood patterns

Answer 39

created when a bloody object contacts a large surface gives clues about type and/or movement of an object wipe/smudge- when a clean object moves through wet blood swipe/smear- when bloody object moves across a clean surface

Question 40

collection- liquid blood; pools and drops

Answer 40

try to collect before coagulation suck it up with a syringe or pipette cotton swab or gauze

Question 41

collection- liquid blood; drawn blood from a living person

Answer 41

one tube with EDTA (anticoagulant) one tube without refrigerate

Question 42

Collection-bloodstains

Answer 42

wet items are air dried then put into paper containers | dry stains that can be brought to lab, scrape onto paper and transfer to moistened cotton/ gauze

Question 43

bodily fluids

Answer 43

sweat, saliva, tears, urine, vaginal secretions all of these can be useful if they contain enough cells to produce a DNA sample or for detection of drugs and can be used to reconstruct events