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DNA and pRotein Synthesis Flashcards

(90 cards)

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0
Q

DNA double helix discovered in?

A

1953

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1
Q

What are the three major functions of DNA?

A

Controlling cellular activities
Making exact copies of itself ( DNA replication)
Undergoing mutations

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2
Q

What is a polymer of nucleotide

A

Means many (large molecule of many sub molecules (nucleotide)

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3
Q

Each nucleotide is composed of?

A

Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What are the two types of bases?

A

Purines , pyrimidines

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5
Q

Purines-

A

Have a double ring structure

Adenine and guanine

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6
Q

Pyrimidines-

A

Have a single ring structure

Thymine and cytosine

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7
Q

Uracil replaces what in what?

A

In RNA , replaces thymine

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8
Q

Each strand of DNA or one side of the ladder is composed of a back bone of alternating molecules, what are they?

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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9
Q

Adenine bonds with ______ and has____ hydrogen bonds

A

Thymine and has two hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Guanine bonds with _____ and has ____hydrogen bonds

A

Cytosine and 3 hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What is chargaffs rule?

A

Number of purine bases equals number of pyramidine bases

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12
Q

Genes are located on the

A

Chromosome

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13
Q

If a chromosome is like a cook book a. Gene is like___

A

A recipe

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14
Q

A gene consists of a sequence of about ____dna base pairs

A

I1000

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15
Q

Genes always occur in ____

A

Pairs

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16
Q

Genes control_____

A

Cellular chemical reaction

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17
Q

In what structure are genes found?

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

What bases are used in RNA

A

U A G C

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19
Q

What bases are used in DNA

A

A T G C

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20
Q

What is replication

A

Copying the DNA

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21
Q

What is transcription

A

Turning into messenger rRNA strand

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22
Q

What is translation

A

Create amino acid from RNA

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23
Q

What is semi conservative replication

A

Half and half

One new strand one old strand

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24
What is the sugar in DNA?
Deribose
25
What is the sugar in RNA?
Ribose
26
RNA has how many strands
Single stranded
27
DNA has how many strands
2
28
What are the three types of RNA
Ribosomal (rRNA) Messenger (mRNA) Transfer (tRNA)
29
What is the function of rRNA?
Aid in protein synthesis - read mRNA codon
30
What is the function mRNA
Copying sections of DNA template strand
31
What is the function of tRNA
Carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis
32
What does a polymerase-p do
Makes molecules
33
What is the sense strand?
Makes sense, is used
34
______for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA processes
Insulin
35
The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosomes
Termination
36
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene
Deletion
37
________bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
Hydrogen
38
Unlike DNA , RNA is a ____-stranded molecule
Single
39
The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule
Transcription
40
The shape of the DNA molecule
Double helix
41
Something that can get DNA from one species into the cells of another species
Vector
42
Any factor which causes a mutation is called
Mutagen
43
A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
Substitution
44
DNA and RNA are both
Nucleic Acids
45
If a DNA strand read gatggctca , the complimentary DNA strand would be
CtaccGaGt
46
This type of RNA is used in the ribosomes during protein synthesis
rRNA
47
The process of DNA making copies of itself
Replication
48
The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit is called_____
Initiation
49
DNA is found in the ____ of the eukaryotic cells
Nucleus
50
Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time-this unit is called a
Poly some
51
The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription
RNA polymers
52
A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure
Purine
53
Proteins which associate with DNA to form chromosomes
Hi stones
54
The enzyme that unzips the DNA strand during replication
Helicase
55
A DNA subunit made up of three subunits
Nucleotide
56
A three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA condone
Anticodon
57
This type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes
tRNA
58
Chromosomal______occurs when entire portions of chromosome are removed
Deletions
59
A change to the base pair sequence of a DNA molecule
Mutation
60
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is flipped
Inversion
61
Proteins are made up of chains of______strung together
Amino acids
62
This type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes
mRNA
63
DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a
Polymer
64
Replication of the DNA molecule is concidered to be a ____process because each daughter strand contains half old DNA and half new
Semi conservative
65
The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called ______
Translation
66
Uv lights and X-rays are an example of _______mutagens
Radiation
67
A____ mutatgen only affects one gene
Gene
68
Hpv is an example of a ____ mutagen
Viral
69
A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene
Addition
70
A chromosomal mutation where a piece if one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
Translation
71
RNA contains one nitrogenous based not found in the DNA called____
Uricil
72
A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure
Pyramidine
73
Completed proteins are sent to the ______. For final packaging and processing
Golgi apparatus
74
Benzene and dioxins are examples of ___mutagens
Chemical
75
A chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosomes repeats itself
Duplication
76
A mutagen that causes cancer is called
Carcinogen
77
_____mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development
Germinal
78
____bonds occur between joining amino acids
Peptide
79
The number of purines will always equal the number of pyramidine acording to ___ rule
Chargoffs
80
___base pairing means that only a with pair with t and only g will pair with c
Complimentary
81
The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a ____________ to enter the ribosome
Release factor
82
A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another.
Plasmids
83
A _____ mutation affects many genes because a large portion of chromosomes are altered
Chromosomal
84
Addition and deletion mutagens can cause devastating effects because they cause a ________
Frame shift
85
The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication
DNA polymers
86
The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called the______
Elongation
87
Strong______ bonds form between sugar and phosphates to form the backbone of the molecule
Convalent
88
The three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
Codons
89
____mutations occur in the cells after birth
Somatic

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