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Biology A > DNA and Protein Synthesis Quiz Review > Flashcards

DNA and Protein Synthesis Quiz Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleic acids are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus (C.H.O.N.P)

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2
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Nucleotides are made of 3 parts, a Phosphate group, a Sugar, and a Nitrogenous Base

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

The 2 types of nucleic acids are DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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5
Q

Where does DNA stay?

A

DNA stays in the nucleus

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6
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

RNA is found in the nucleus or the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

To contain and store genetic code

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8
Q

What is DNA the blueprint of?

A

DNA is the blueprint of how to make proteins

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9
Q

What do nucleotides bond together to form?

A

Polynucleotides

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10
Q

How many polynucleotide chains does DNA have?

A

DNA has 2 polynucleotide chains

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11
Q

How many polynucleotide chains does RNA have?

A

RNA has 1 polynucleotide chain

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12
Q

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone is what holds the DNA strands together. It forms when the sugar of 1 nucleotide bonds with the phosphate group of the next. The nitrogen bases stick out from this backbone

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of DNA bases?

A

The 4 DNA bases are Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, and Thymine

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14
Q

What are the 4 RNA bases?

A

The 4 RNA bases are Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, and Uracil

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15
Q

What base does Cytosine bond with?

A

Cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with Guanine

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16
Q

What base does Adenine bond with (in DNA)?

A

Adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with Thymine

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17
Q

What are complementary base pairs?

A

Complementary base pairs are 2 bases that bond with each other, and only each other (ex. Cytosine and Guanine are complementary base pairs)

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18
Q

Does RNA form a helix?

A

No! RNA is single-stranded and does not form a helix

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19
Q

How many RNA bases represent 1 amino acid?

A

3 RNA bases represent 1 amino acid

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20
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

DNA contains genetic instructions for the sequence of amino acids in proteins

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21
Q

What does RNA do?

A

RNA uses the information in DNA to assemble amino acids and make the protein

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22
Q

What is the structure of a protein determined by?

A

The sequence of amino acids that makes up it

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23
Q

Is DNA found in chromosomes?

A

Yes! DNA is ALWAYS found in chromosomes

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24
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

The central dogma is that DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, which are carried to the ribosome by RNA. There, RNA helps build and assemble the protein. In short, DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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25
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose

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26
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

The sugar in RNA is ribose

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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28
Q

What are Chargaff’s rules?

A

The concentration of the 4 DNA bases differs from species to species, however, within a species, the concentration of C and G is the same, and the concentration of A and T is the same

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29
Q

Who is credited with discovering the double helix shape of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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30
Q

What holds the DNA strands together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

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31
Q

How many rings do A and G have?

A

A and G have 2 rings

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32
Q

How many rings do C and T have?

A

C and T have 1 ring

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33
Q

What do the different shapes of the bases do in DNA?

A

They keep the distance between strands constant

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34
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

During the synthesis phase of the Eukaryotic cell cycle

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35
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase breaks the bonds between complementary bases

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36
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase “reads” the bases inside the molecule

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37
Q

What is the third step of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase uses the information to build 2 new strands of complementary bases

38
Q

What are the 2 daughter molecules made of?

A

Each daughter molecule has 1 strand that is new and 1 strand from the parent. This is caused semi-conservative replication

39
Q

What does primase do?

A

Primase gets DNA polymerase started by placing RNA primers on the strands

40
Q

What direction can DNA polymerase build in?

A

DNA polymerase can only build in the 5’ to 3’ direction

41
Q

What does ligase do?

A

Ligase glues the lagging strand together

42
Q

How does information get from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

A

Through RNA

43
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

mRNA copies the DNA information and brings it to the cytoplasm

44
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

rRNA helps form and build ribosomes

45
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome so they can be assembled into a protein

46
Q

What are introns?

A

Introns are segments of DNA that don’t code for proteins. After mRNA is made, the introns are removed from it, and the exons stay

47
Q

What is added to mRNA after it has been created?

A

A methyl cap and a poly-A-tail is added to mRNA after it has been assembled

48
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores

49
Q

What is the process of creating mRNA called?

A

Transcription

50
Q

What are the 2 steps to Protein Synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

51
Q

Where does Transcription take place?

A

Transcription takes place in the nucleus

52
Q

What is used as a template for making mRNA?

A

DNA is used as a template

53
Q

What is the first step to transcription?

A

Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to a region of the gene and signals DNA to unwind

54
Q

What is the second step of transcription?

A

Elongation: RNA polymerase “reads” unwound DNA and builds RNA using complementary base pairs

55
Q

What is the third step of transcription?

A

Termination: end of transcription. Occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a stop sequence in the gene

56
Q

What bonds to Adenine in RNA?

A

Uracil bonds with Adenine in RNA

57
Q

What does splicing do?

A

Splicing removes introns from mRNA

58
Q

How is energy provided for transcription?

A

Energy is provided by the reduction of ATP

59
Q

Does every organism use the same genetic code?

A

Yes! Each organism uses the EXACT same genetic code

60
Q

What are codons?

A

Codons are groups of 3 nitrogen bases. Each codon codes for 1 amino acid

61
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG is the start codon. It signals the beginning of translation, and establishes the reading frame

62
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

The stop codons are UAG, UGA, and UUA

63
Q

How many amino acids does each codon code for?

A

ONLY 1

64
Q

How many codons code for each amino acid?

A

Each amino acid is usually coded for by more than 1 codon

65
Q

How many codons make up the genetic code?

A

64

66
Q

What is Translation?

A

Translation is when the genetic information in mRNA is “translated” into a protein

67
Q

What holds amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

68
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Translation occurs at the ribosome

69
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, so they can be assembled

70
Q

How many tRNA molecules can be at the ribosome at a time?

A

2

71
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

An anticodon is the triplet of bases on tRNA

72
Q

What does the anticodon do?

A

The anticodon of tRNA bonds with its corresponding codon on mRNA, using complementary base pairs

73
Q

What happens when the anticodon and codon bond?

A

The amino acid gets left behind. Those leftover amino acids then bond to form proteins

74
Q

What does the stop codon do?

A

The stop codon’s don’t code for amino acids, instead they signal the end of translation

75
Q

What part of the central dogma is translation?

A

Translation is the second part of the central dogma

76
Q

What is the relationship between anticodon and codon?

A

They are COMPLEMENTARY to each other

77
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A

tRNA has a clover leaf structure, with 3 “leaves”. It also has an amino acid attachment and an anticodon arm

78
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is the change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA

79
Q

What do mutations do?

A

Mutations create new genetic material, which is essential for evolution

80
Q

Are most mutations harmful?

A

No! Most mutations have NO effect, and even the harmful one rarely cause drastic changes

81
Q

What are the 2 types of mutations?

A

Germline and Somatic

82
Q

Where do Germline Mutations occur?

A

Germline mutations occur in the gametes, and are usually more significant because EVERY cell in the offspring has the mutation

83
Q

Where do Somatic Mutations occur?

A

Somatic mutations occur in other cells, and are usually less serious because the mutations is confined to the cell and its daughter

84
Q

What are chromosomal alterations?

A

Chromosomal alterations change the structure of chromosomes, and are very serious and often result in death

85
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide

86
Q

What are the 3 types of point mutations?

A

Silent: codes for the same amino acid
Missense: Codes for different amino acid
Nonsense: Premature stop codon

87
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Frameshift mutations deletes or inserts 1 or more nucleotides

88
Q

What do frameshift mutations do?

A

Frameshift mutations change the reading frame, which has a drastic effect

89
Q

What are spontaneous mutations?

A

Spontaneous mutations are when an aspect of DNA replication or forming gametes goes wrong

90
Q

What are induced mutations?

A

Induced mutations are caused by the environment

91
Q

What are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations?

A

Deletion, Insertion, Duplication, Inversion

Biology A (3 decks)

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