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Biology A > DNA and Protein Synthesis Quiz Review > Flashcards

DNA and Protein Synthesis Quiz Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleic acids are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus (C.H.O.N.P)

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2
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Nucleotides are made of 3 parts, a Phosphate group, a Sugar, and a Nitrogenous Base

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

The 2 types of nucleic acids are DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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5
Q

Where does DNA stay?

A

DNA stays in the nucleus

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6
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

RNA is found in the nucleus or the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

To contain and store genetic code

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8
Q

What is DNA the blueprint of?

A

DNA is the blueprint of how to make proteins

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9
Q

What do nucleotides bond together to form?

A

Polynucleotides

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10
Q

How many polynucleotide chains does DNA have?

A

DNA has 2 polynucleotide chains

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11
Q

How many polynucleotide chains does RNA have?

A

RNA has 1 polynucleotide chain

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12
Q

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone is what holds the DNA strands together. It forms when the sugar of 1 nucleotide bonds with the phosphate group of the next. The nitrogen bases stick out from this backbone

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of DNA bases?

A

The 4 DNA bases are Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, and Thymine

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14
Q

What are the 4 RNA bases?

A

The 4 RNA bases are Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, and Uracil

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15
Q

What base does Cytosine bond with?

A

Cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with Guanine

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16
Q

What base does Adenine bond with (in DNA)?

A

Adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with Thymine

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17
Q

What are complementary base pairs?

A

Complementary base pairs are 2 bases that bond with each other, and only each other (ex. Cytosine and Guanine are complementary base pairs)

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18
Q

Does RNA form a helix?

A

No! RNA is single-stranded and does not form a helix

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19
Q

How many RNA bases represent 1 amino acid?

A

3 RNA bases represent 1 amino acid

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20
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

DNA contains genetic instructions for the sequence of amino acids in proteins

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21
Q

What does RNA do?

A

RNA uses the information in DNA to assemble amino acids and make the protein

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22
Q

What is the structure of a protein determined by?

A

The sequence of amino acids that makes up it

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23
Q

Is DNA found in chromosomes?

A

Yes! DNA is ALWAYS found in chromosomes

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24
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

The central dogma is that DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, which are carried to the ribosome by RNA. There, RNA helps build and assemble the protein. In short, DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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25
What is the sugar in DNA?
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
26
What is the sugar in RNA?
The sugar in RNA is ribose
27
What are the 3 types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
28
What are Chargaff's rules?
The concentration of the 4 DNA bases differs from species to species, however, within a species, the concentration of C and G is the same, and the concentration of A and T is the same
29
Who is credited with discovering the double helix shape of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick
30
What holds the DNA strands together?
Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
31
How many rings do A and G have?
A and G have 2 rings
32
How many rings do C and T have?
C and T have 1 ring
33
What do the different shapes of the bases do in DNA?
They keep the distance between strands constant
34
When does DNA replication occur?
During the synthesis phase of the Eukaryotic cell cycle
35
What is the first step of DNA replication?
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between complementary bases
36
What is the second step of DNA replication?
DNA polymerase "reads" the bases inside the molecule
37
What is the third step of DNA replication?
DNA polymerase uses the information to build 2 new strands of complementary bases
38
What are the 2 daughter molecules made of?
Each daughter molecule has 1 strand that is new and 1 strand from the parent. This is caused semi-conservative replication
39
What does primase do?
Primase gets DNA polymerase started by placing RNA primers on the strands
40
What direction can DNA polymerase build in?
DNA polymerase can only build in the 5' to 3' direction
41
What does ligase do?
Ligase glues the lagging strand together
42
How does information get from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
Through RNA
43
What does mRNA do?
mRNA copies the DNA information and brings it to the cytoplasm
44
What does rRNA do?
rRNA helps form and build ribosomes
45
What does tRNA do?
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome so they can be assembled into a protein
46
What are introns?
Introns are segments of DNA that don't code for proteins. After mRNA is made, the introns are removed from it, and the exons stay
47
What is added to mRNA after it has been created?
A methyl cap and a poly-A-tail is added to mRNA after it has been assembled
48
How does mRNA leave the nucleus?
mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores
49
What is the process of creating mRNA called?
Transcription
50
What are the 2 steps to Protein Synthesis?
Transcription and Translation
51
Where does Transcription take place?
Transcription takes place in the nucleus
52
What is used as a template for making mRNA?
DNA is used as a template
53
What is the first step to transcription?
Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to a region of the gene and signals DNA to unwind
54
What is the second step of transcription?
Elongation: RNA polymerase "reads" unwound DNA and builds RNA using complementary base pairs
55
What is the third step of transcription?
Termination: end of transcription. Occurs when RNA polymerase reaches a stop sequence in the gene
56
What bonds to Adenine in RNA?
Uracil bonds with Adenine in RNA
57
What does splicing do?
Splicing removes introns from mRNA
58
How is energy provided for transcription?
Energy is provided by the reduction of ATP
59
Does every organism use the same genetic code?
Yes! Each organism uses the EXACT same genetic code
60
What are codons?
Codons are groups of 3 nitrogen bases. Each codon codes for 1 amino acid
61
What is the start codon?
AUG is the start codon. It signals the beginning of translation, and establishes the reading frame
62
What are the stop codons?
The stop codons are UAG, UGA, and UUA
63
How many amino acids does each codon code for?
ONLY 1
64
How many codons code for each amino acid?
Each amino acid is usually coded for by more than 1 codon
65
How many codons make up the genetic code?
64
66
What is Translation?
Translation is when the genetic information in mRNA is "translated" into a protein
67
What holds amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
68
Where does translation occur?
Translation occurs at the ribosome
69
What does tRNA do?
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, so they can be assembled
70
How many tRNA molecules can be at the ribosome at a time?
2
71
What is an anticodon?
An anticodon is the triplet of bases on tRNA
72
What does the anticodon do?
The anticodon of tRNA bonds with its corresponding codon on mRNA, using complementary base pairs
73
What happens when the anticodon and codon bond?
The amino acid gets left behind. Those leftover amino acids then bond to form proteins
74
What does the stop codon do?
The stop codon's don't code for amino acids, instead they signal the end of translation
75
What part of the central dogma is translation?
Translation is the second part of the central dogma
76
What is the relationship between anticodon and codon?
They are COMPLEMENTARY to each other
77
What is the structure of tRNA?
tRNA has a clover leaf structure, with 3 "leaves". It also has an amino acid attachment and an anticodon arm
78
What is a mutation?
A mutation is the change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA
79
What do mutations do?
Mutations create new genetic material, which is essential for evolution
80
Are most mutations harmful?
No! Most mutations have NO effect, and even the harmful one rarely cause drastic changes
81
What are the 2 types of mutations?
Germline and Somatic
82
Where do Germline Mutations occur?
Germline mutations occur in the gametes, and are usually more significant because EVERY cell in the offspring has the mutation
83
Where do Somatic Mutations occur?
Somatic mutations occur in other cells, and are usually less serious because the mutations is confined to the cell and its daughter
84
What are chromosomal alterations?
Chromosomal alterations change the structure of chromosomes, and are very serious and often result in death
85
What are point mutations?
Point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide
86
What are the 3 types of point mutations?
Silent: codes for the same amino acid Missense: Codes for different amino acid Nonsense: Premature stop codon
87
What are frameshift mutations?
Frameshift mutations deletes or inserts 1 or more nucleotides
88
What do frameshift mutations do?
Frameshift mutations change the reading frame, which has a drastic effect
89
What are spontaneous mutations?
Spontaneous mutations are when an aspect of DNA replication or forming gametes goes wrong
90
What are induced mutations?
Induced mutations are caused by the environment
91
What are the 4 types of chromosomal mutations?
Deletion, Insertion, Duplication, Inversion

Biology A (3 decks)

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