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Biology A > Cell Cycle Quiz Review > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Quiz Review Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cells come from?

A

ALL cells come from prexisting cells

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2
Q

How does EVERY organism start life?

A

As a single cell

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3
Q

What do cells do once they reach their maximum size?

A

They divide - it’s a continuous cycle

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4
Q

What is cell division?

A

Cell division is when a parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells - it’s simpler in Prokaryotes because the cells are simpler

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5
Q

What must happen prior to cell division?

A

EVERY cell part must be duplicated

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6
Q

How do Prokaryotes divide?

A

Prokaryotes undergo Binary Fission in order to divide

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7
Q

What is the first step of Binary Fission?

A

The DNA replicates and forms 2 identical chromosomes

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8
Q

What is the second step of Binary Fission?

A

The chromosomes separate and move to the poles

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9
Q

What is the third step of Binary Fission?

A

A new plasma membrane grows in the middle of the cell, and the cell divides

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do Prokaryotes have?

A

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do Eukaryotes have?

A

Eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes

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12
Q

In Eukaryotic cells, what happens prior to cell division?

A

The organelles and DNA are duplicated

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13
Q

What are the 2 major steps to cell division in Eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis - nucleus divides

Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides

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14
Q

What stage of the cell cycle do Eukaryotes spend most of their life in?

A

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their life in Interphase, where the cell does what it is supposed to do

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15
Q

How does cell division relate to the cell cycle?

A

Cell division is one of several stages of the cell cycle, which includes growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division

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16
Q

What stages make up the mitotic phase?

A

The mitotic phase is comprised of Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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17
Q

What stages make up interphase?

A

Interphase is comprised of G1, S, and G2

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18
Q

What is Growth Phase 1 (G1)?

A

G1 is when the cell grows rapidly, makes some proteins needed for cell division, and copies some organelles

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19
Q

What is Synthesis (S)?

A

S is when the cells DNA is copied

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20
Q

What is Growth Phase 2 (G2)?

A

G2 is when the cell makes the final preparations to divide

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21
Q

What is the cell cycle controlled by?

A

Regulatory proteins

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22
Q

What is the G1 checkpoint?

A

The G1 checkpoint determines whether or not a cell should divide

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23
Q

What is the G2 checkpoint?

A

The G2 checkpoint determines is DNA has been replicated properly

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24
Q

What is the M checkpoint (Mitotic spindle checkpoint)?

A

The M checkpoint determines whether the chromosomes are aligned to the mitotic plate

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25
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is when the cell cycle is no longer regulated and the cells reproduce and spread out of control

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26
Q

Why do cells need to divide?

A

Cells need to divide because they get too big, get worn out or injured, die, or for growth

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27
Q

How do multi cellular organisms grow?

A

Multi cellular organisms grow by making more cells

28
Q

What stage do cells spend most of their time in?

A

Interphase

29
Q

What happens when a cell doesn’t meet a checkpoint?

A

The cell either fixes the problem if it can, or goes through apoptosis if it can’t

30
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is programmed cell death (self-destruct)

31
Q

What are the 2 types of regulatory proteins?

A

Positive and negative regulators

32
Q

When do chromosomes form?

A

PRIOR to cell division, and after the DNA has been replicated

33
Q

When does the nucleus divide?

A

The nucleus divides prior to cell division, during mitosis

34
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins - genetic material

35
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is the form DNA takes when it is not in chromosomes - it is basically like spaghetti, loose strands of DNA surrounding each other

36
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Sister chromatids are the 2 parts of a chromosome, they are identical and attach together at the centromere

37
Q

How many genes are on 1 chromosome?

A

There are hundreds or thousands of genes PER CHROMOSOME

38
Q

How many total chromosomes do humans have?

A

46; 23 from each parent (2 sets of 23 each)

39
Q

Each chromosome of 1 set is matched by a chromosome of the other set

A

Same type, but different alleles (homologous chromosomes)

40
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Prophase is the longest phase of mitosis, and it is when chromatin condenses into chromosomes. the nuclear envelope dissolves, and the centrioles move to opposite poles

41
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid pair. Those chromosomes then line up on the equator, and the fibers will ensure that they will separate

42
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. They are pulled apart by the shortening of the fibers, and at the end each pole has a complete set

43
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

During telophase, the chromosomes uncoil and form chromatin. The spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form

44
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits and the cell divides

45
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animals?

A

In animals, the plasma membrane pinches inward along the equator until the cell splits in 2

46
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in plants?

A

In plants, a cell plate forms along the equator. New membranes and cell walls will grow on either side, completing cell division

47
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Diploid cells have the full number of chromosomes (somatic cells)

48
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Haploid cell have half the number of chromosomes (gametes)

49
Q

What are some limitations on cell growth?

A

When cells get too big, the DNA gets overloaded and there isn’t enough materials (volume grows too fast)

50
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Cyclins are proteins that regulate the cell cycle

51
Q

How did scientists discover cyclins?

A

Scientists discovered cyclins because they found them in cells undergoing mitosis. When the scientists injected those cyclins into a cell in interphase, a mitotic spindle started to form

52
Q

What are internal regulators?

A

Internal regulators respond to events INSIDE the cell, and let the cycle continue when certain events have passed

53
Q

What are external regulators?

A

External regulators respond to events OUTSIDE the cell, and direct the cell to speed up or slow down

54
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Growth factors are involved in wound healing and embryonic development

55
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth - cancer cells don’t respond to normal signals, have a disrupted cell cycle, and grow and divide uncontrollably

56
Q

What are the 3 steps to cancer formation?

A
  1. Cell divides abnormally
  2. Produces a tumor and displaces other cells
  3. Cancer cells move to other locations
57
Q

What causes cancer?

A

A defect in genes

58
Q

When do centrosomes appear?

A

Centrosomes appear during G2

59
Q

Where do sister chromatids attach to each other?

A

Sister chromatids attach to each other at the centromere

60
Q

What is G0?

A

G0 is where cells go when they aren’t dividing or planning to divide

61
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints for the cell cycle?

A

The 3 checkpoints are G1, G2, and M - they occur later in their corresponding phases

62
Q

What checkpoint would check whether a cells DNA has been replicated properly?

A

The G2 checkpoint

63
Q

What checkpoint would check whether there is an ample supply of materials?

A

G1 and G2

64
Q

What checkpoint would check whether all chromosomes are attached to the spindle?

A

The M checkpoint

65
Q

What checkpoint would check whether there is adequate room for more cells?

A

The G1 checkpoint

66
Q

What checkpoint regulates whether a cell goes to G0 or no?

A

G1

67
Q

What happens if a cell doesn’t have enough DNA?

A

It will die

Biology A (3 decks)

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