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Biology A > Cell Cycle Quiz Review > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Quiz Review Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Where do cells come from?

A

ALL cells come from prexisting cells

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2
Q

How does EVERY organism start life?

A

As a single cell

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3
Q

What do cells do once they reach their maximum size?

A

They divide - it’s a continuous cycle

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4
Q

What is cell division?

A

Cell division is when a parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells - it’s simpler in Prokaryotes because the cells are simpler

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5
Q

What must happen prior to cell division?

A

EVERY cell part must be duplicated

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6
Q

How do Prokaryotes divide?

A

Prokaryotes undergo Binary Fission in order to divide

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7
Q

What is the first step of Binary Fission?

A

The DNA replicates and forms 2 identical chromosomes

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8
Q

What is the second step of Binary Fission?

A

The chromosomes separate and move to the poles

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9
Q

What is the third step of Binary Fission?

A

A new plasma membrane grows in the middle of the cell, and the cell divides

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10
Q

How many chromosomes do Prokaryotes have?

A

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do Eukaryotes have?

A

Eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes

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12
Q

In Eukaryotic cells, what happens prior to cell division?

A

The organelles and DNA are duplicated

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13
Q

What are the 2 major steps to cell division in Eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis - nucleus divides

Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides

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14
Q

What stage of the cell cycle do Eukaryotes spend most of their life in?

A

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their life in Interphase, where the cell does what it is supposed to do

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15
Q

How does cell division relate to the cell cycle?

A

Cell division is one of several stages of the cell cycle, which includes growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division

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16
Q

What stages make up the mitotic phase?

A

The mitotic phase is comprised of Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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17
Q

What stages make up interphase?

A

Interphase is comprised of G1, S, and G2

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18
Q

What is Growth Phase 1 (G1)?

A

G1 is when the cell grows rapidly, makes some proteins needed for cell division, and copies some organelles

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19
Q

What is Synthesis (S)?

A

S is when the cells DNA is copied

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20
Q

What is Growth Phase 2 (G2)?

A

G2 is when the cell makes the final preparations to divide

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21
Q

What is the cell cycle controlled by?

A

Regulatory proteins

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22
Q

What is the G1 checkpoint?

A

The G1 checkpoint determines whether or not a cell should divide

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23
Q

What is the G2 checkpoint?

A

The G2 checkpoint determines is DNA has been replicated properly

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24
Q

What is the M checkpoint (Mitotic spindle checkpoint)?

A

The M checkpoint determines whether the chromosomes are aligned to the mitotic plate

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25
What is cancer?
Cancer is when the cell cycle is no longer regulated and the cells reproduce and spread out of control
26
Why do cells need to divide?
Cells need to divide because they get too big, get worn out or injured, die, or for growth
27
How do multi cellular organisms grow?
Multi cellular organisms grow by making more cells
28
What stage do cells spend most of their time in?
Interphase
29
What happens when a cell doesn't meet a checkpoint?
The cell either fixes the problem if it can, or goes through apoptosis if it can't
30
What is apoptosis?
Apoptosis is programmed cell death (self-destruct)
31
What are the 2 types of regulatory proteins?
Positive and negative regulators
32
When do chromosomes form?
PRIOR to cell division, and after the DNA has been replicated
33
When does the nucleus divide?
The nucleus divides prior to cell division, during mitosis
34
What are chromosomes?
Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins - genetic material
35
What is chromatin?
Chromatin is the form DNA takes when it is not in chromosomes - it is basically like spaghetti, loose strands of DNA surrounding each other
36
What are sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids are the 2 parts of a chromosome, they are identical and attach together at the centromere
37
How many genes are on 1 chromosome?
There are hundreds or thousands of genes PER CHROMOSOME
38
How many total chromosomes do humans have?
46; 23 from each parent (2 sets of 23 each)
39
Each chromosome of 1 set is matched by a chromosome of the other set
Same type, but different alleles (homologous chromosomes)
40
What happens in prophase?
Prophase is the longest phase of mitosis, and it is when chromatin condenses into chromosomes. the nuclear envelope dissolves, and the centrioles move to opposite poles
41
What happens in metaphase?
During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromatid pair. Those chromosomes then line up on the equator, and the fibers will ensure that they will separate
42
What happens in anaphase?
During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. They are pulled apart by the shortening of the fibers, and at the end each pole has a complete set
43
What happens in telophase?
During telophase, the chromosomes uncoil and form chromatin. The spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form
44
What happens in cytokinesis?
During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits and the cell divides
45
How does cytokinesis occur in animals?
In animals, the plasma membrane pinches inward along the equator until the cell splits in 2
46
How does cytokinesis occur in plants?
In plants, a cell plate forms along the equator. New membranes and cell walls will grow on either side, completing cell division
47
What are diploid cells?
Diploid cells have the full number of chromosomes (somatic cells)
48
What are haploid cells?
Haploid cell have half the number of chromosomes (gametes)
49
What are some limitations on cell growth?
When cells get too big, the DNA gets overloaded and there isn't enough materials (volume grows too fast)
50
What are cyclins?
Cyclins are proteins that regulate the cell cycle
51
How did scientists discover cyclins?
Scientists discovered cyclins because they found them in cells undergoing mitosis. When the scientists injected those cyclins into a cell in interphase, a mitotic spindle started to form
52
What are internal regulators?
Internal regulators respond to events INSIDE the cell, and let the cycle continue when certain events have passed
53
What are external regulators?
External regulators respond to events OUTSIDE the cell, and direct the cell to speed up or slow down
54
What are growth factors?
Growth factors are involved in wound healing and embryonic development
55
What is cancer?
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth - cancer cells don't respond to normal signals, have a disrupted cell cycle, and grow and divide uncontrollably
56
What are the 3 steps to cancer formation?
1. Cell divides abnormally 2. Produces a tumor and displaces other cells 3. Cancer cells move to other locations
57
What causes cancer?
A defect in genes
58
When do centrosomes appear?
Centrosomes appear during G2
59
Where do sister chromatids attach to each other?
Sister chromatids attach to each other at the centromere
60
What is G0?
G0 is where cells go when they aren't dividing or planning to divide
61
What are the 3 checkpoints for the cell cycle?
The 3 checkpoints are G1, G2, and M - they occur later in their corresponding phases
62
What checkpoint would check whether a cells DNA has been replicated properly?
The G2 checkpoint
63
What checkpoint would check whether there is an ample supply of materials?
G1 and G2
64
What checkpoint would check whether all chromosomes are attached to the spindle?
The M checkpoint
65
What checkpoint would check whether there is adequate room for more cells?
The G1 checkpoint
66
What checkpoint regulates whether a cell goes to G0 or no?
G1
67
What happens if a cell doesn't have enough DNA?
It will die

Biology A (3 decks)

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