DNA and RNA Flashcards by Nova Theresa Tungolh

He introduces the concept of heredity

Gregor Mendel

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Coin the term “Gene”

Wilhelm Johannsen

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Discovers that genes are responsible for inheritance

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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Discovers that DNA is made up of nucleotides, phosphates, sugars and 4 base

Phoebus Levene

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Shows that DNA can transform the property of cells
*the idea was not universally accepted

Oswald Avery

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Shows that A+G =T+C = 50%

Erwin Chargaff

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DNA as an acidic substance present in nucleus was first identified by _______________ thus name it as ____________

Friedrich Meischer in 1868; Nuclein

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On Hershey and Chase’s Experiment

It was known that DNA contained the four bases: _________

A, G, C & T

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Hypothesis of Hershey and Chase’s Experiment

An analysis of the base composition of DNA in different species may reveal important features about structure of DNA

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Conclusion of Hershey and Chase’s Experiment

Proteins are not genetic Material… DNA is the genetic material

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The observation below become known as?

Adenine = Thymine
Cytosine = Guanine

Chargaff’s Rule

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She worked in same laboratory as Maurice Wilkins. She study X-ray diffraction to study wet fibers of DNA

Rosalind Franklin

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Two forms of DNA discover by Franklin in 1951 through her X-ray diffraction images

A- Dry form
B - Wet form

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What approach used by Watson and Crick which they physically built models out of wire, sheet metal, nuts and bolts to come up with the structure of DNA

Model Building

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Why did they build models?

Sometimes the fingers can grasp what the mind cannot

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consists of two chains of nucleotides in ladder-like structure which is twisted

DNA

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Wilkins and Franklin studied the structure of DNA crystals using ________

x-rays

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the X pattern suggested the structure of DNA was a ________

helix

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His data showed that in each species, the percent of A equals the percent of T, and the percent of G equals the percent of C

Chargaff’s rule

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Watsons was shown a picture by Wilkins in early 1953 and with his picture it was possible to calculate the ff:

the distance between bases - 3.4A

the length of the period - 34A

the rise of the helix - 36 degrees

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On ___________, Crick and Watson announced that they found the secret of life which they figured out the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid and that is a double helix that can unzip to make copies of itself- confirmed DNA carries life’s hereditary information

Feb 28, 1953

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In 1953,_________________described a very simple but famous double Helix model for the structure of DNA.

James Watson and Francis Crick

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What James Watson and Francis Crick received for discovering the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid?

1962 Novel Prize

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The side of the ladder are made up of alternating molecules of

Phosphate and deoxyribose

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The bases make up the rungs of the ladder are attracted by weak chemical bonds called

hydrogen bonds

The DNA double helix is __________, which means the 5' end of one strand is paired with the 3' end of its complementary strand(vice versa)

anti-parallel

Two hydrogen bonds connect _____; three hydrogen bonds connect to ____

T to A; G to C

Watson and Crick quickly published their Scientific Journal called __________

"Nature" on April 25 1953

Isolated nuclein in WBC

Friedrich Miescher 1869

Transferred killing ability between types of bacteria

Frederick Griffith 1928

Discovered that DNA transmit killing ability in bacteria, hypothesized that nucleic acid is the "transforming principle"

Oswald Avery Colin Macleod Maclyn McCarty 1940s

Determined that part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not protein

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1950

Discovered DNA Components, propositions and positions of Double helix

Phoebus Levene Erwin Chargaff Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin 1909-early 1950s

Elucidated DNAs three-dimensional structure

James Watsons and Francis Crick 1953

Had his genome sequence

James Watson

DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is a polymer of

deoxyribonucleotides

DNA is found in ....

Chromosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts

acts as the genetic material in most of the organisms and carries the genetic information

DNA

DNA structure is often divided into four different levels....

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quarternary

DNA has three main components

Deoxyribose(a pentose sugar) Base(there are four different ones) Phosphate

What is the difference between DNA and RNA Nucleotide?

The base on the lower right side of DNA is H while on the RNA is OH. DNA - AGCT RNA - AGCU

The nitrogen bases are divided into two groups:

Pyrimidines and Purines

Pyrimidines is made f 6 member ring

Thymine and Cytosine⬢

Purines(made of 6 member ring, fused to a member ring)⬟⬢

adenine guanine

formed by the condensation of sugar, phosphate and one of the bases.

Nucleotides

Nucleotides are linked together by ________ called ____________________

covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkage

involves sharing pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

covalent bonds

Salient features of the Double-helix structure of DNA

It is made of two polynucleotide chains, where the backbone is constituted by sugar-phosphate, and the bases project inside the two chains have anti-parallel polarity. It means, if one chain has the polarity 5'->3', the other has 3'->5'

DNA double Helix and Hydrogen Bonding Two strands are coiled in a ___________________.

Right-handed fashion(clockwise)

DNA double Helix and Hydrogen Bonding The pitch of the helix is ______ and there are roughly ____ in each turn.

3.4nm; 10bp

is one billionth of a meter, that is 10^-9

nanometer

The plane of one base pair stacks over the other in double helix. Thus in addition to ______, confers stability of the helical structure

H-bond

There are two asymmetrical grooves on the outside of the helix

major groove minor groove

any furrow(slight depression in the smoothness of a surface of channer on a bodily structure or part)

Groove

Three major forms of structure of double-helix

B-DNA A-DNA Z-DNA

is biologically the most common it is a a-helix meaning that it has a right handed or clockwise, spiral complementary base pairing: A-T and G-C has 10 base pair per turn(360 degree rotation of helix)

B-DNA

B-DNA Is Narrow, shallow

Minor Groove

B-DNA is wide deep

Major groove

exists when plenty of water surrounds molecule and there is no unusual base sequence in DNA-Condition that are likely to be present in the cells is most stable configuration for a random sequence of nucleotides under physiological condition

B-DNA

Right-handed helix wider and flatter than B-DNA 11 bp per turn its bases are tilted away from main axis of molecule narrow deep major broad shallow minor groove observed when less water is present

A-DNA

A-DNA has been observed in two context

active site of DNA polymerase(~3bp) Gram(+) bacteria undergoing sporulation

a left helix seen in condition of high salt concentration in this form sugar-phosphate backbones zigzag back and forth 12 base pairs per turn a deep minor groove no discernible Major Groove play role in regulating gene transcription

Z-DNA

Strand - Antiparallel Type of helix - Right-handed Overall shape - Long and narrow Base pair per turn - 10 Distance between adjacent bases - 0.34nm Pitch/turn of helix - 3.40nm Helical Diameter - 2.0nm Tilt/inclination of bp to axis 1^0 Major Groove - Wide and Deep Minor Groove - Narrow, shallow

B-DNA

Strand - Antiparallel Type of helix - Right-handed Overall shape - Short and narrow Base pair per turn - 11 Distance between adjacent bases - 0.23nm Pitch/turn of helix - 2.82nm Helical Diameter - 2.3nm Tilt/inclination of bp to axis 20^0 Major Groove Narrow and deep Minor Groove Broad and shallow

A-DNA

Strand - Antiparallel Type of helix - Left-handed Overall shape - Elongated and narrow Base pair per turn - 12 Distance between adjacent bases - 0.38nm Pitch/turn of helix - 4.56nm Helical Diameter - 1.8nm Tilt/inclination of bp to axis 9^0 Major Groove - No discrenible Minor Groove - Narrow and Deep

Z-DNA

refers to the over or under-winding of strands is important for DNA packaging within all cells. Because the length DNA can be of thousands of times that of a cells, packaging this material into the cell of nucleus is a difficult feat.

DNA supercoiling

__________of DNA reduces the space and allows for much more DNA to be packaged.

supercoiling

are the basic unit of the chromatin organization basic bead like unit of DNA packing

Nucleosome/s

Nucleosomes have:

8 histones in the core DNA wrapped twice around the core One Histone holding the Nucleosome together A DNA 'linker' continues towards the next nucleosome

In _____________ DNA associated with Proteins

Eukaryotes

In __________DNA is naked

Prokaryotes

The __________ are electromagnetically attracted to each other to form chromatin

DNA and Protein

RNA stands for

Ribonucleic Acid

is a polymer of ribonucleotides linked together by phosphodiester linkage

RNA

RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotides linked together by

phosphodiester linkage

he found the catalytic properties of RNA and speculated that the earlies forms of life relied on RNA both to carry genetic information and to catalyse biochemical reactions.

Carll Woese in 1967

Carl Woese found the _________ properties of RNA and speculated that the earlies forms of life relied on RNA both to carry genetic information and to catalyse biochemical reactions.

catalytic

Their theories were not validated until the work of Nobel Prize laureate ____________. He was studying the splicing of RNA in a single-celled organism, Tetrahymena thermophila, when he discovered that an unprocessed RNA molecule could splice itself. He announced his discovery in 1982 and become the first to show that RNA has catalytic functions

Thomas R. Cech

In the 1970s, Cech was studying the splicing of RNA in a single organism, _____________, when he discovered that an unprocessed RNA molecule could splice itself. He announced his discovery in 1982 and become the first to show that RNA has CATALYTIC FUNCTION

Tetrahymena thermophila

Usually single stranded and helical in structure

RNA

RNA Structure there are also three main components

Phosphate Group Sugar(Ribose) Nitrogen Base

RNA Structure - The Nitrogen Bases They are divided into two groups:

Purine Pyrimidine

Purines(made of a 6 made ring, fused to a 5 member ring)

Adenine Guanine

Pyrimidine(made of a 6 member ring)

Cytosine Uracil

RNA Structure Are formed by the condensation of a sugar phosphate and one of the 4 bases

Nucleotides

Usually RNA is single stranded, but in some _______ RNA present in double stranded form.

viruses

The bases in two strands are paired through ___________ forming base pairs(bp)

hydrogen bong (H-bonds)

______ forms two hydrogen bonds with Uracil from opposite strand and vice-versa

Adenine

Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with ______ from opposite strand and vice-versa

Uracil

Similarly, _______ is bonded with cytosine with three H-bonds

Guanine

Similarly, Guanine is bonded with _______ with three H-bonds

cytosine

dsRNA structure there are double stranded RNA structures:

RNA can fold back on itself depends on base sequence gives stem (double strand) and loop(single-strand structures)

ds RNA has an ______conformation steric clashes between 2'-OH groups prevent the B-like conformation

A-like

Type of RNA In all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, three main classes of RNA molecules exist-

Messenger RNA(mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA( rRNA)

Other types of RNA

Small nuclear RNA(SnRNA) Micro RNA(mi RNA) Small interfering RNA(Si RNA) Heterogenous nuclear RNA(hnRNA)

all members of the class function as messengers carrying the information in a gene to the protein synthesizing machinery

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

are the smallest of the three major species or RNA molecules they have 74-95 nucleotide residues they transfer the amino acids from cytoplasm to the protein synthesizing machinery also called ADAPTER MOLECULES, since they act as adapters for the translation of the sequence of nucleotides of the mRNA in to specific amino acids is the only RNA species that contains NUCLEOSIDE THYMIDINE

tRNA

tRNA is the only RNA species hat contains the _________

Nucleoside thymidine

Structure of tRNA

Primary structure secondary structure

the nucleotide sequence of all the tRNA molecules allows extensive intrastand complementarity that generates a secondary

Primary Structure

each single tRNA shows extensive internal base pairing and acquires a clover leaf like structure. The structure is stabilized by the hydrogen bonding between the bases and is a consistent feature.

Secondary Structure

All tRNA contain 5 main arms or loops which are as ff:

Acceptor arm Anticodon arm DHU arm(DihydroUracil) TψC arm(thymidine Pseudouridine Cytosine Extra Arm

is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organism

Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid(rRNA)

rRNA is the RNA component of the _______ and is essential for ________ in all living organism

Ribosome; protein synthesis

The functions of the ribosomal RNA molecules in the ribosomal particle are not fully understood, but they are necessary for _____________

ribosomal assembly and seem to play key roles in the binding to ribosomes and its translation.

Recent studies suggest that an rRNA component performs the __________ activity and this is an enzyme(a ribozyme)

peptidyl transferase

Ribosomes contain __________ and ________

two major rRNA and 50 or more proteins

rRNA form two subunits:

Large subunit(LSU) Small subunit(SSU)

acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation.

LSU rRNA

LSU rRNA acts as a _________, catalyzing peptide bond formation.

LSU rRNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing ____________-.

peptide bond formation

In mammalian nuclei, _______ is the immediate product of gene transcription

hnRNA

The _____________ is heterogenous size(variable) and is very large.

nuclear product

is formed from primary transcript by capping, tailing, splicing and base modification

Mature m-RNA

Major types of small RNA molecules

Small nuclear RNA(snRNA) Small nucleolar RNA(snoRNA) Micro RNA(miRNA) Short interfering RNA(siRNA)

involved in mRNA splicing

Small nuclear RNA(snRNA)

directs the modification of ribosomal RNAs

Small nucleolar RNA(snoRNA)

Regulate gene expression

Micro RNA(miRNA) Short interfering RNA(siRNA)

Cell type: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Location of Function in Eukaryotic cells: Cytoplasm Function Structural and functional components of the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

Cell type: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Location of Function in Eukaryotic cells: Nucleus and Cytoplasm Function: Carries genetic code for proteins

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

Cell type: Bacterial and Eukaryotic Location of Function in Eukaryotic cells: Cytoplasm Function Helps incorporate amino acids into polypeptide chain

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

Cell type: Eukaryotic Location of Function in Eukaryotic cells: Nucleus Function Processing of pre-mRNA

Small Nuclear RNA(snRNA)

Cell type: Eukaryotic Location of Function in Eukaryotic cells: Nucleus Function Processing of assembly of rRNA

Small nucleolar RNA(snoRNA)

Cell type: Eukaryotic Location of Function in Eukaryotic cells: Cytoplasm Function Variable

Small cytoplasmic RNA(scRNA)

DNA or RNA. Single stranded mainly except when self-complementary sequences are there it forms a double stranded structure(Hair pain structure)

RNA

DNA or RNA. Ribose is the main sugar

RNA

DNA or RNA. Double stranded(except for certain viral DNAs which are single stranded)

DNA

DNA or RNA. Pyrimidine components differ. Thymine is never found(excpet tRNA)

RNA

DNA or RNA. Being single stranded structure- it does not follow Chargaff's rule

RNA

DNA or RNA. The sugar moiety is deoxy ribose

DNA

DNA or RNA. Thymine is always there but uracil is never found

DNA

It does follow Chargaff's rule. The total purine content in a double stranded DNA is always equal to pyrimidine contenct

DNA

DNA or RNA. It resist alkali action due to the absence of OH group at 2' position

DNA

DNA or RNA. It can be easily destroyed by alkalies to cyclic diesters of mono nucleotides

RNA

DNA or RNA. is a stable molecule. The spontaneous degradation is very slow. The genetic information ca be stored for years together without any change

DNA

DNA or RNA. is relatively a labile molecule, undergoes easy and spontaneous degradation

RNA

DNA or RNA. Mainly cytoplasmic, but also present in nucleus(primary transcript and small nuclear RNA)

RNA

DNA or RNA. The base content varies from 100-5000. The size is variable

RNA

DNA or RNA. Mainly found in nucleus, extra nuclear DNA is found in mitochondria and plasmids etc

DNA

DNA or RNA. Millions of base pairs are there depending upon the organism

DNA

DNA or RNA. There are various types of this, and they perform different and specific function

RNA

DNA or RNA. is always of one type and performs the function of storage and transfer of genetic information

DNA

DNA or RNA. No variable physiological forms of RNA are found. The different types of RNA do not change their forms

RNA

DNA or RNA. There are variable forms(A, B, and Z)

DNA

DNA or RNA. is synthesized from DNA, it can not form DNA(except by the actions of reverse transcriptase). It can not duplicate(except in certain viruses where it is a genomic material)

RNA

DNA or RNA. It can form DNA by replication, it also form RNA by transcription

DNA

DNA or RNA. Single copy of DNA is present per cell

DNA

DNA or RNA. Many copies of RNA are present per cell

RNA

The process of DNA duplication

DNA Replication

DNA replication follows several steps that involve multiple proteins called _______________________

replication enzymes and RNA

In eukaryotic cells, such as animal cells and plant cells, DNA replication occurs in the _____________ during the cell cycle

S phase of interphase

DNA, found within the _________, must be replicated in order to ensure that each new cell receives the correct number of chromosomes

Nucleus

The process of DNA replication is vital for _______________

cell growth repair reproduction in organism

unwinds and separates double stranded DNA as it moves along the DNA. It forms the replication fork by breaking hydrogen bonds between nucleotide pairs in DNA

DNA Helicase

a type of RNA polymerase that generates RNA primers.

DNA primase

________are short RNA molecules that act as templates for the starting point of DNA replication

Primers

synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands

DNA polymerases

unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to prevent the DNA from becoming tangled or supercoiled

Topoisomerase or DNA Gyrase

group of enzymes that remove nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain

Exonucleases

joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

DNA ligase

Enzymes involve in DNA replication:

DNA helicase DNA primase DNA polymerases Topoisomerase or DNA gyrase Exonucleases DNA ligase

DNA Replication Step 1

Replication fork formation

Step 1 Replication fork formation an enzyme called _________ breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases of the two antiparallel strands

Helicase

Step 1 Replication fork formation the strands are initally split apart in areas that are rich in A-T base pairs(there are only two bonds between Adenine and Thymine) forming a _____________

replication fork

Step 1 Replication fork formation ___________________ relives tension that builds up as a result of unwinding

DNA Gyrase(also called Topoisomerase)

Step 1 Replication fork formation ____________________ helps to stabilze the single stranded DNA

Single strand binding proteins

DNA Replication Step 2

Primer Binding

Step 2 Primer Binding _________________ synthesizes short RNA nucleotides sequences that act as primers(starters) These essentially provide a starting point for DNA replication

RNA polymerase (also known as RNA primase)

DNA Replication Step 3

Elongation

Step 3 Elongation DNA Polymerase III can now star synthesising the new DNA strand using __________ However, DNA polymerase can only read the original template(parent strand) in the 3' to 5' direction (making DNA 5' to 3') This is not a problem on the leading strand, because the DNA polymerase can simply continue to read along as the two parents stands continue to unzip

Free DNA nucleotides

Step 3 Elongation On the lagging strand DNA polymerase moves away from the ___________ As the strands continue to unzip more DNA is expose and new RNA primers must be added As a result the lagging strand is synthesized in short burst as DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in-between each of the RNA primers

Replication fork

Step 3 Elongation The newly synthesised lagging strand now consitst of both RNA and DNA fragments The DNA fragments are known as _______________, after a Japanese scientist who noticed that heating DNA during replication, which separates the strands, gave many small fragments of DNA From this he concluded that one strand must be synthesized in short burst of DNA

Okazaki fragments

DNA Replication Step 4

Termination

Step 4 Termination DNA Polymerase I now removes the RNA __________ and replaces them with _____

primers; DNA

Step 4 Termination ________ joins the DNA fragments of the lagging strand together to form one continuous length of DNA

DNA Ligase

During _______________ the enzymes(polymerase) that duplicate the chromosome and its DNA can't continue their duplication all the way to the end of the chromosome

DNA Replication

At the very ends of the DNA, are long non-coding region of repeats known as _________--

telomeres

Every time the DNA is replicated the telomeres ___________

shortens slightly

DNA replication occurs at

surprisingly fast rate

Errors are very rare; occurring at a rate of approx. ____________

1 in every 10,000,000,000 base pairs

Overall direction of replication of DNA

1. Helicase unwind the parental double 2. Single-strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA 3. The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase 4. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment 5. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA(by another DNA polymerase) DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand.

All steps of DNA Replication

Replication Fork Formation Primer Binding Elongation Termination

DNA replication is the production of identical _______from a single double-stranded DNA molecule

DNA helices

A ___________ is formed which serves as a template for replication

replication fork

Each molecule consists of a strand from the original molecule and a newly formed strand. Prior to replication, the ______ uncoils and strands separate.

DNA

___________ bind to the DNA and DNA polymerases add new nucleotide sequences in the 5' to 3' direction

Primers

Once elongation of the DNA strands is complete, the strands are checked for errors, repairs are made, and _____________________ are added to the ends of the DNA

telomere sequences

Structure: Double Stranded Bases-Purines: Adenine - Guanine Bases-Pyrimidines: Cytosine - Thymine Sugar: Deoxyribose

DNA

Structure: Single Stranded Bases-Purines: Adenine - Guanine Bases-Pyrimidines: Cytosine - Uracil Sugar: Ribose

RNA

What is RNA's Job?

Make protein

carries instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

combines with ribosome to form proteins(Proteins are made in the ribosome)

Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA during the construction of a protein

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

Types of RNA

Messenger RNA(mRNA) Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) Transfer RNA(tRNA)

Two steps of making proteins(Protein synthesis)

Transcription(nucleus) DNA to RNA Translation(cytoplasm) RNA to protein

DNA to RNA

Transcription

RNA to Protein

Translation

1. ____________ begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter region

Transcription

___________ are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA

Promoters

2. The enzymes separates the DNA strands by breaking the __________, and then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.

Hydrogen bonds

3. RNA polymerase pairs up free floating ______________ with DNA template and joins the nucleotides together to form the backbone of the new mRNA strand.

RNA nucleotides

4. When mRNA hits a termination sequence, it separates from the___________

DNA

5. mRNA editing occurs in the __________

nucleus

RNA Editing: Before the mRNA leaves the nucleus, it is called ____________- and it gets "edited". Parts of the pre-mRNA that are not involved in coding for proteins are called _______ are cut. The remaining mRNA pieces are called _________(because they are expressed and are spliced back together to form the mRNA.

pre-mRNA; introns; exons

Then the mRNA leaves the nucleus through the _______________ and enters the cytoplasm headed to the __________.

nuclear pores; ribosomes

Transcription vs Replication

The main difference: transcription results in the formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule

DNA Template - ATTCGGAGC DNA Complement(replication) - ?????????

TAAGCCTCG

DNA Template - ATTCGGAGC mRNA(transcription) - ????????

UAAGCCUCG

___________ are long chains of amino acids that are joined together

Proteins or polypeptides

There are ___ different amino acids

The four bases of mRNA

A U G C

The four bases of mRNA are read _________

three letters at a time to determine the order in which amino acids are added to make protein

a ______ consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide(protein)

codon

sixty-four combinations are possible when a sequence of three bases are used; thus, 64 different mRNA codons are in the genetic code.

The Codon Table

some codons do not code for __________: they provide instructions for making the ________.

amino acids; protein

More than one codon can code for the same ____________

amino acid

All _________ use the same genetic code (ATCG)

organisms * this provides evidence that all life on the Earth evolved from a common origin

Translation takes place on ______ in the cytoplasm

ribosomes

Translation The cell uses information from _________ to produce proteins, by decoding the message of it into a polypeptide chain(protein)

mRNA

The mRNA that was transcribed from DNA during ____________, leaves the cell's nucleus and enters the cytoplasm

transcription

Transfer RNA(tRNA) The mRNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome at the AUG, which is the start codon. This begins the __________

Translation

Transfer RNA(tRNA) The __________ bonds with the correct amino acid and becomes "charged" in the cytoplasm)

tRNA

The tRNA carries the ________ to the ribosome

amino acid

Each tRNA has an ___________ whose basses are complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand(the tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome)

anticodon

5. the ribosome moves along the ________ and adds more _________ to the growing polypeptide or protein

mRNA; amino acids The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome to bind to another tRNA The ribosome moves along the mRNA, attaching new tRNA molecules and amino acids

6. The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stops codons on the mRNA and then the ribosome falls off the mRNA The result is a ______________ chain or protein that is ready for use in the cell.

polypeptide

DNA template - TAC GGT CCA AAC ACT DNA complement - ????????????

ATG CCA GGT TTG TGA

DNA template - TAC GGT CCA AAC ACT mRNA(transcription) - ???????????

AUG CCA GGU UUG UGA

mRNA -AUG CCA GGU UUG UGA tRNA - ????????????/

UAC GGU CCA AAC ACU

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Location- In prokaryotes(bacteria, transcription occurs in the ____________ Translation of the mRNA into protein also occurs in the ___________

cytoplasm

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Location- In Eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the ___________, mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm for translation.

cell's nucleus

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Genome Size- The genome size is much larger in ______________

Eukaryotes Greater specificity is needed for the transcription of eukaryotic genes

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Chromatin Structure- DNA in prokaryotes is much more accessible to RNA polymerase than in eukaryotes Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around proteins called _________to form structures called ____________

histones; nucleosomes

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Chromatin Structure- Eukaryotic DNA is packed to form _________ While RNA polymerase interacts directly with _____________-, other proteins mediate the interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA in eukaryotes

chromatin; prokaryotic DNA

Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -RNA Polymerases- There are three distinct classes of RNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. All are large enzymes with multiple subunits. Each class of RNA polymerase recognizes particular types of genes. RNA polymerase I - synthesizes the precursor of the large ribosomal RNAs(28S, 18S, and 5.8S) RNA polymerase II - synthesizes the precursors of messenger RNA and small nuclear RNAs(snRNAs) RNA polymerase III - Synthesizes small RNA, including tRNAs, small 5S RNA and some snRNAs

RNA polymerase I RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase III

synthesizes the precursor of the large ribosomal RNAs(28S, 18S, and 5.8S)

RNA polymerase I

synthesizes the precursors of messenger RNA and small nuclear RNAs(snRNAs)

RNA polymerase II

Synthesizes small RNA, including tRNAs, small 5S RNA and some snRNAs

RNA polymerase III

DNA and RNA Flashcards

(240 cards)