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Protein Synthesis Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Structure:
Double Stranded

Bases-Purines:
Adenine - Guanine

Bases-Pyrimidines:
Cytosine - Thymine

Sugar:
Deoxyribose

A

DNA

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2
Q

Structure:
Single Stranded

Bases-Purines:
Adenine - Guanine

Bases-Pyrimidines:
Cytosine - Uracil

Sugar:
Ribose

A

RNA

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3
Q

What is RNA’s Job?

A

Make protein

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4
Q

carries instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

A

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

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5
Q

combines with ribosome to form proteins(Proteins are made in the ribosome)

A

Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

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6
Q

Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA during the construction of a protein

A

Transfer RNA(tRNA)

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7
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA(mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
Transfer RNA(tRNA)

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8
Q

Two steps of making proteins(Protein synthesis)

A

Transcription(nucleus)
DNA to RNA

Translation(cytoplasm)
RNA to protein

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9
Q

DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

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10
Q

RNA to Protein

A

Translation

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11
Q
  1. ____________ begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter region
A

Transcription

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12
Q

___________ are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA

A

Promoters

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13
Q
  1. The enzymes separates the DNA strands by breaking the __________, and then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
A

Hydrogen bonds

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14
Q
  1. RNA polymerase pairs up free floating ______________ with DNA template and joins the nucleotides together to form the backbone of the new mRNA strand.
A

RNA nucleotides

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15
Q
  1. When mRNA hits a termination sequence, it separates from the___________
A

DNA

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16
Q
  1. mRNA editing occurs in the __________
A

nucleus

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17
Q

RNA Editing: Before the mRNA leaves the nucleus, it is called ____________- and it gets “edited”. Parts of the pre-mRNA that are not involved in coding for proteins are called _______ are cut. The remaining mRNA pieces are called _________(because they are expressed and are spliced back together to form the mRNA.

A

pre-mRNA; introns; exons

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18
Q

Then the mRNA leaves the nucleus through the _______________ and enters the cytoplasm headed to the __________.

A

nuclear pores; ribosomes

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19
Q

Transcription vs Replication

A

The main difference: transcription results in the formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule

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20
Q

DNA Template - ATTCGGAGC
DNA Complement(replication) - ?????????

A

TAAGCCTCG

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21
Q

DNA Template - ATTCGGAGC
mRNA(transcription) - ????????

22
Q

___________ are long chains of amino acids that are joined together

Study These Flashcards
A

Proteins or polypeptides

23
Q

There are ___ different amino acids

24
Q

The four bases of mRNA

25
The four bases of mRNA are read _________
three letters at a time to determine the order in which amino acids are added to make protein
26
a ______ consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide(protein)
codon
27
sixty-four combinations are possible when a sequence of three bases are used; thus, 64 different mRNA codons are in the genetic code.
The Codon Table
28
some codons do not code for __________: they provide instructions for making the ________.
amino acids; protein
29
More than one codon can code for the same ____________
amino acid
30
All _________ use the same genetic code (ATCG)
organisms * this provides evidence that all life on the Earth evolved from a common origin
31
Translation takes place on ______ in the cytoplasm
ribosomes
32
Translation The cell uses information from _________ to produce proteins, by decoding the message of it into a polypeptide chain(protein)
mRNA
33
The mRNA that was transcribed from DNA during ____________, leaves the cell's nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
transcription
34
Transfer RNA(tRNA) The mRNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome at the AUG, which is the start codon. This begins the __________
Translation
35
Transfer RNA(tRNA) The __________ bonds with the correct amino acid and becomes "charged" in the cytoplasm)
tRNA
36
The tRNA carries the ________ to the ribosome
amino acid
37
Each tRNA has an ___________ whose basses are complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand(the tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome)
anticodon
38
5. the ribosome moves along the ________ and adds more _________ to the growing polypeptide or protein
mRNA; amino acids The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome to bind to another tRNA The ribosome moves along the mRNA, attaching new tRNA molecules and amino acids
39
6. The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stops codons on the mRNA and then the ribosome falls off the mRNA The result is a ______________ chain or protein that is ready for use in the cell.
polypeptide
40
DNA template - TAC GGT CCA AAC ACT DNA complement - ????????????
ATG CCA GGT TTG TGA
41
DNA template - TAC GGT CCA AAC ACT mRNA(transcription) - ???????????
AUG CCA GGU UUG UGA
42
mRNA -AUG CCA GGU UUG UGA tRNA - ????????????/
UAC GGU CCA AAC ACU
43
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Location- In prokaryotes(bacteria, transcription occurs in the ____________ Translation of the mRNA into protein also occurs in the ___________
cytoplasm
44
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Location- In Eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the ___________, mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm for translation.
cell's nucleus
45
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Genome Size- The genome size is much larger in ______________
Eukaryotes Greater specificity is needed for the transcription of eukaryotic genes
46
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Chromatin Structure- DNA in prokaryotes is much more accessible to RNA polymerase than in eukaryotes Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around proteins called _________to form structures called ____________
histones; nucleosomes
47
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -Chromatin Structure- Eukaryotic DNA is packed to form _________ While RNA polymerase interacts directly with _____________-, other proteins mediate the interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA in eukaryotes
chromatin; prokaryotic DNA
48
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -RNA Polymerases- There are three distinct classes of RNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. All are large enzymes with multiple subunits. Each class of RNA polymerase recognizes particular types of genes. RNA polymerase I - synthesizes the precursor of the large ribosomal RNAs(28S, 18S, and 5.8S) RNA polymerase II - synthesizes the precursors of messenger RNA and small nuclear RNAs(snRNAs) RNA polymerase III - Synthesizes small RNA, including tRNAs, small 5S RNA and some snRNAs
49
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Transcription -RNA Polymerases- There are three distinct classes of RNA polymerases in eukaryotic cells. All are large enzymes with multiple subunits. Each class of RNA polymerase recognizes particular types of genes.
RNA polymerase I RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase III
50
synthesizes the precursor of the large ribosomal RNAs(28S, 18S, and 5.8S)
RNA polymerase I
51
synthesizes the precursors of messenger RNA and small nuclear RNAs(snRNAs)
RNA polymerase II
52
Synthesizes small RNA, including tRNAs, small 5S RNA and some snRNAs
RNA polymerase III

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