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DNA/Hereditary test :| Flashcards

1
Q

What type of macro molecule is DNA/RNA?

A

Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids made of

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of?

A

A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen base

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4
Q

What is Thymine replaced with in RNA?

A

Uracil

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5
Q

What are the base pairs?

A

Adenine with Thymine/Uracil, Cytosine with Guanine

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6
Q

What is the backbone of DNA/RNA made of

A

A (deoxy)ribose sugar and a phosphate

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7
Q

What binds the phosphate and nitrogen bases together?

A

Sugar

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8
Q

What’s the difference between pyrimidine and purine?

A

Pyrimidine is a base with a single ring. Purines are bases with two rings.

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9
Q

What are the sugar and phosphate bonds between nucleotides called?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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10
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

(Transfer RNA) It carries amino acids

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11
Q

what does mRNA do

A

(messenger RNA) used to build protein

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12
Q

what does rRNA do

A

(ribosomal RNA) makes up parts of ribosomes

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13
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryote cells when it comes to DNA and RNA?

A

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA/RNA can be found in the nucleus. In Prokaryote cells, DNA/RNA is only in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

What are the stages of mitosis.

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

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15
Q

What does the helicase do

A

Unzips the DNA

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16
Q

What does DNA polymerase do

A

Adds complementary free nucleotides to both unzipped strands of DNA

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17
Q

What does semi conservative mean

A

It describes replication where each copy of DNA reserves one strand from the original DNA

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18
Q

DNA Polymerase reads the DNA template strand from…

A

the 3’ end of the DNA molecule to the 5’ end

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19
Q

What forms the lagging strand of DNA?

A

Okazaki Fragments

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20
Q

define the enzymes used in DNA replication

A

helicase: unzips the DNA

primase: adds RNA primers to DNA strands

polymerase III: adds new nucleotides to DNA strands

polymerase I: replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides

ligase: attaches the new DNA fragments with the rest of the strand

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21
Q

what joins amino acids together

A

polypeptide chains

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22
Q

what is transcription

A

the DNA code is transcribed into an mRNA strand

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23
Q

what is translation

A

the mRNA strand is translated into a protein

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24
Q

Where does transcription and translation take place in prokaryotic cells?

A

The Cytoplasm

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25
Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?
The Cytoplasm
26
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
The Nucleus
27
what are the steps of translation
1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. 2. the ribosome lines up complementary tRNA molecules (the anti-codons). 3. the amino acids on the tRNA connect with peptide bonds as this happens, therefore creating proteins
28
what are the steps of transcription
1. RNA polymerase attaches a promoter sequence of DNA 2. it starts adding complementary RNA nucleotides (the mRNA)
29
in eukaryotes, what are the non-coding regions of the mRNA called? how are they removed
introns; they are removed through a process called splicing
30
if a mutation is helpful then the # of individuals with the new phenotype will...
increase
31
what do genetic mutations cause (long term)
natural selection/evolution
32
what are the three types of mutations? summarize them
substitution: one base is exchanged or swapped for another base insertion: one or more bases are inserted, making it longer deletion: one or more bases are deleted, making it shorter
33
why can DNA mutations impact the proteins synthesized in a cell?
since DNA is used as a template to synthesize mRNA during transcription, a DNA mutation could cause the altered codons to code for a different amino acid, therefore a different or non-functional protein
34
what are the four types of mutation effects? summarize them
silent: the mutation has no effect on the amino acid coded for missense: the mutation causes a codon to code for a different amino acid frameshift: the mutation causes the "reading frame" of the mRNA codons to shift forwards or backwards, changing many amino acids nonsense: the mutation causes a stop codon which terminates translation early
35
what are the four types of chromosomal mutations? summarize them
duplication: extra copies of genes are added to a chromosome inversion: a section of the chromosome is flipped/reversed deletion: a piece of the chromosome breaks off and is lost translocation: a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
36
when an organism has too many or too few chromosomes, it is called...
Aneuploidy
37
when an organism has more than two paired sets of chromosomes, it is called...
Polyploidy
38
gametes form through a process called...
meiosis
39
in meiosis, chromosomes stay attached until which division
the second division
40
a synapsis is...
2 pairs of sister chromatids
41
what causes the sister chromatids to become genetically different?
Crossing over
42
at the end of meiosis there are...
4 genetically different haploid cells
43
when gametes fuse, the resulting embryo is...
diploid
44
describe prophase in meiosis 1 and 2
in both meiosis 1 and 2: - the nuclear envelope breaks down - the centrosomes move to opposite poles - the chromosomes condense and become visible in meiosis 1: - crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes
45
describe metaphase in meiosis 1 and 2
in both meiosis 1 and 2: - the spindle forms completely in meiosis 1: - homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in meiosis 2: - the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
46
describe anaphase in meiosis 1 and 2
in both meiosis 1 and 2: - the spindle fibers begin to contract in meiosis 1: - the homologous chromosomes get separated by their centromeres to the poles in meiosis 2: - the sister chromatids get separated by their centromeres to the poles
47
describe telophase in meiosis 1 and 2
in both meiosis 1 and 2: - nuclear envelopes start to reform around the groups of chromosomes - the chromosomes start to decondense back into chromatin
48
describe cytokinesis in meiosis 1 and 2
in both meiosis 1 and 2: - the cytoplasm physical divides, splitting each cell into two in meiosis 2: - the cells are now in interphase
49
summarize crossing over
during prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad. the non-sister chromatids form chiasmata where they overlap. here, parts of the chromatids break off and join the other chromatid. alleles are exchanged, forming new genetic combinations
50
What is chromatin made of?
DNA and protein
51
What is the relationship between histones and DNA?
DNA is wrapped around histones
52
Why does DNA have to be tightly packed?
It must fit in the nucleus and is more easily separated during cell division
53
When a chromosome is duplicated, how many chromosomes and chromatids are there?
There is still one chromosome but there are now two chromatids
54
True or false; all the genes in your chromosomes are turned on
False
55
Karyotypes are an image of...
all of your chromosomes
56
What phase is a cell typically in when the picture is taken for a karyotype?
Metaphase
57
What are homologous pairs?
chromosomes of the same size that carry the same types of genes in the same order
58
How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
22
59
Which sex chromosomes do males have? females?
Males have XY, females have XX
60
How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?
23
61
Haploid vs diploid
Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two
62
Does the father or mother determine sex?
Father
63
What proteins are DNA molecules wrapped around?
Histones
64
What is the structure of a nucleosome?
A strand of DNA wrapped twice around 8 histones, held together by a histone protein named H1
65
What is linker DNA?
Double-stranded DNA that connects nucleosomes together
66
what is the Central dogma of biology
DNA info only flows in one direction
67
How do these words match up: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, mitosis, meiosis
Meiosis goes with sexual reproduction and mitosis can be involved in both asexual
68
What does incomplete dominance look like?
When two traits mix
69
What does co-dominance look like
When two traits show at the same time
70
What's the different between a square and a circle on a pedigree?
A circle is female, a square is male
71
Are males or females more likely to get sex linked traits
Males
72
What is Nondisjunction
the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
73
What is the universal donor in blood types?
type O
74
what is the universal receiver in blood types?
type AB
75
Where do chances for genetic variation increase in meiosis?
During independent assortment and crossing over
76
in a dihybrid cross, what is the ratio of offspring for two heterozygous parents?
9:3:3:1
77
what are recombinant types
when it doesn't look like any of its parents and a new Gene is expressed
78
what are the monomers for macromolecules?
carbs: monosacchrides proteins: amino acids lipids: fatty acids nucleic acids: nucleotides
79
what's the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much dna
80

biology (9 decks)

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