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biology > list 8 vocab evolution > Flashcards

list 8 vocab evolution Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Amino acid sequencing

A

the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides

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2
Q

Biogeography

A

the branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals

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3
Q

Cladogram

A

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species

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4
Q

Common ancestory

A

having descended from one ancestor

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5
Q

DNA sequencing

A

the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence

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6
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

a method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge

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7
Q

Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Tree

A

a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time

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8
Q

Homology

A

the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure

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9
Q

Phenotypic similarity

A

a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families

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10
Q

Sedimentary layers

A

types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at the Earth’s surface, followed by cementation

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11
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

when species are reproductively isolated from others due to differences in behavior

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12
Q

Competition

A

an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply

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13
Q

Gene pool

A

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

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14
Q

Genetic variation

A

the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species

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15
Q

Geographic isolation

A

the physical separation of populations or organisms from one another due to geographical barriers

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16
Q

Morphology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the form of living organisms, and with relationships between their structures

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17
Q

Phenotypic expression

A

The observable characteristics in an organism that results from the expression of genes

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18
Q

Physiology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts

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19
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences

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20
Q

Sexual selection

A

natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex

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21
Q

Trait

A

a genetically determined characteristic

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22
Q

Advantageous trait

A

trait that makes organisms more likely to survive and reproduce in its environment

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23
Q

Distribution

A

the general structure of the species population

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24
Q

Divergent evolution

A

the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation

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25
Gene frequency
the ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population
26
Phenotypic variation
the amount of variation of a particular trait within a population
27
Survival rate
a measurement from tracking large numbers of individuals through time to estimate the likelihood of different classes of individuals staying alive from one year to the next
28
Founder effect
the reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors
29
Geologic record
the entirety of the layers of rock strata
30
Phylogeny
the branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis
31
Adaptation
the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments
32
Speciation
the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
33
Extinction
the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member
34
Natural selection
the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype
35
Gene flow
the transfer of genetic material from one population to another
36
Divergent evolution
the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct
37
Descent with modification
the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor
38
Microevolution
the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population
39
Transitional species
a species that is intermediate between two different species
40
Embryology
the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development
41
Punctuated equilibrium
the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change
42
Gradualism
a theory that changes of organic life and of the Earth itself occur through gradual increments, and often that transitions between different states are more or less continual and slow rather than periodic and rapid
43
Overproduction of offspring
when species reproduce many more offspring than can possibly survive
44
Convergent evolution
the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities
45
Coevolution
when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through the process of natural selection
46
Paleontology
the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils
47
Vestigial structures
physical structures such as an organ, appendage, or cellular component that, through evolution, has become reduced from its ancestral condition and no longer functions
48
Survival of the fittest
organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing
49
Genetic drift
the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population due to random chance
50
Analogous structure
features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature
51
Mutation
an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA
52
Fossil
the preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments, such as sand and mud, under ancient seas, lakes and rivers
53
Anatomical evidence
the similarities and differences between the body structures of different species
54
Homologous structure
similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa
55
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors
56
biochemical evidence
evidence of evolution based on the fact that certain enzymes and chemical processes are found in the cells of all or nearly all life on Earth
57
Macroevolution
the evolution of taxa above the species level
58
fitness
a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success
59
nonrandom meeting
when organisms prefer to mate with others of the same genotype or of different genotypes
60
species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or breeding

biology (9 decks)

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