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MCBG > DNA Repair > Flashcards

DNA Repair Flashcards

1
Q

How is DNA damaged?

A

Exogenous- ionising radiation, alkylating agents, UV light, anti-cancer agents
Endogenous- DNA replication errors, V(D)J recombination, free radicals

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2
Q

What is the response to DNA damage in the body?

A 
Senescence 
Cell cycle transition
Apoptosis
Transcription
DNA repair
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3
Q

What is the signalling cascade of DNA damage?

A

Signal
Sensor
Transducer
Effector

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4
Q

Where and what are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

After G1 before S
After G2 before mitosis
Temporary arrest (time for DNA damage to be repaired)

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5
Q

What is senescence?

A

Permanent cell cycle arrest

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6
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell death

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7
Q

What is the repair if there is a single strand break?

A

Base excision repair

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8
Q

What is the repair of there is a CPD?

A

Nucleotide excision repair

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9
Q

What repair occurs if there is a double strand break?

A

Recombinational repair

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10
Q

What repair occurs if there is insertion or deletion due to mismatch between AG?

A

Mismatch repair

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11
Q

What is a base excision repair?

A

DNA glucosylase removes incorrect nucleotide
AP endonuclease and deoxyribosephosphodiesterase allow space so correct nucleotide can be added using DNA polymerase and ligase

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12
Q

What is a mismatch repair?

A

Endonuclease and exonuclease is used to remove short strand of incorrect DNA
DNA polymerase and ligase then synthesise DNA again correctly

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13
Q

What is nucleotide excision repair?

A

Damaged area is cut

Repair is synthesised

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14
Q

How is a double strand break repaired?

A

Proteins recruited to protect ends
Proteins recruited to remove DNA damaged components
Ligase sticks the two broken ends back together

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15
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable cell growth

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16
Q

What allows cancer to develop?

A

Suppression or alteration of DNA damage response

17
Q

What syndromes are caused by mismatch repair?

A

Lynch syndrome

Colorectal cancer

18
Q

Why is p53 important?

A

Mutated in many cancers

19
Q

What can develop within a tumour?

A

Subclones

20
Q

What is a heterogenous tumour?

A

A tumour with sub-clones making it more difficult to treat as may be therapy resistance and lead to clonal expansion

21
Q

What is the basis of cancer killing?

A

DNA damage e.g. Camptothecin

22
Q

What are the side effects of cancer treatments?

A

Radiation- Skin problems, fatigue, heart problems

Chemotherapy- Hair loss, fertility problems, nausea

MCBG (19 decks)

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