Flashcards in Enzymes Deck (24):
1
What is the transition state of a reaction?
High energy intermediate that lies between S and P
2
What is the activation energy of a reaction?
Minimum energy S must have to allow reaction
3
How can you increase the rate of a reaction?
Increase the number of molecule with activation energy
Increase chance of molecular collisions
E.g. Temperature, concentration and enzymes
4
What is an enzyme?
Biological catalyst that increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy
Facilitates formation of the transition state
5
What are some important features of enzymes?
Highly specific
Unchanged after the reaction
Do not affect the reaction equillibrium
Increase rate of reaction
Proteins
May require associated cofactors
6
Why are we interested in enzymes?
Inheritable genetic disorders
Overactive enzymes can cause disease
Measurement of enzyme activity for diagnosis
Inhibition of enzymes by drugs
7
What is the active site?
The place where substrates bind and where the chemical reaction occurs
Formed from amino acids at different parts of the primary sequence
Clefts or crevices
Have a complementary shale to substrate- lock and key
The active site forms a complementary shape after binding- induced fit
Bound by weak bonds
8
How do enzymes work?
Substrate binds with enzyme active site to form enzyme substrate complex
Enzyme changes shape of substrate - ES transition
Product forms
9
What happens if you increase the amount of substrate in a reaction?
Amount of product will increase until maximal amount of enzyme substrate complexes form
10
What causes enzymes to denatures?
Temperature and pH
11
What is the Michaelis-Menten model for enzyme catalysis?
A specific complex between the enzyme and the substrate is a necessary intermediate in catalysis
Not all enzymes obey this model
12
What is vmax?
The maximal rate when all enzymes active sites are saturated with substrate
13
What is km?
Substrate concentration that gives half maximal velocity
14
What does a low km mean?
High affinity for substrate
15
What does a high km mean?
Low affinity for substrate
16
What is vmax measured in?
It is a rate so 1 unit is the amount of unit that converts 1 micromol of product per minute under standard conditions
17
What is a lineweaver-Burke plot?
Allows for easy estimation of km and vmax
18
What is an enzyme inhibitor?
Molecules that slow down or prevent enzyme reactions
19
What is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor?
Binds very tightly
Generally convalent bond
E.g. Nerve gas
20
What is a reversible enzyme inhibitor?
Not covalent so can dissociate freely e.g. Competitive- binds at active site
Non-competitive- binds at allosteric site
21
What do competitive inhibitors affect?
Km
22
What do non-competitive inhibitors affect?
Vmax
23
What happens when you add more substrate when competitive inhibitor is present?
Will overcome effect of inhibitor so no effect on v max
But as competes for active site km increases
24