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N DMD 5246 > DNA- Reynolds > Flashcards

DNA- Reynolds Flashcards

1
Q

____ polymerize to form ____and require

A

monomers, polymers, enzyme and added energy

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2
Q

condensation/ dehydration

Hydrolysis

A

Condensation: Links monomers to form polymers

Hydrolysis: Polymers broken down into monomers

both can be catalyzed by enzymes

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3
Q

DNA carbons

  • 5’
  • 3’
  • 2’
  • 1’
A
  • 5’ C= free phosphate attached to 5’ end, 0-3
  • 3’ C= OH attached to the 3’ end
  • 2’= nothing (Hs)
  • 1’ C = Base
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4
Q

DNA traits

A
  1. Two antiparallel strands
  2. right handed helix
  3. Hydrophilic phosphate backbone
  4. Hydrophobic bases in the helix
  5. dsDNA major and minor grooves
  6. H bonding btwn bases
    7.
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5
Q

Pyrimidine

Purine

A

Pyrimidine= one ring

Purine= two rings

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6
Q

stabilizing forces of DNA

A

H bonding

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7
Q
A

one ring= pyrimidine

two ring= purine

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8
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine

Uracil (RNA)

Thymine (DNA)

Cut the pyi Once

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9
Q

Cytosine

A

-NH2 top

N=C

pyrimidine

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10
Q

Thymine

(DNA)

A

=O

  • CH3
  • NH

Pyrimidines

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11
Q

Uracil

RNA

A

=O

-HN

CH=CH

pyrimidines

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12
Q

Adenine

A

-NH2 top

N=C

purine

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13
Q

Guanine

A

=O (top)

-H2N

purine

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14
Q

Deoxyribosse vs ribose

A
  • Deoxyribose= 2’ carbon has a H
  • Ribose= 2’ carbon has an OH
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15
Q
  • Nucleoside
  • Nucleotide
  • Ribonucleoside/ribonucleotide
  • Deoxyribonucleoside/deoxyribonucleotide
A
  • Nucleoside- N base + 5’ sugar
  • Nucleotide- phosphorylated nucleoside
  • Ribonucleoside/tide-OH on 2’
  • Deoxyribonucleoside/tide- H on 2’
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16
Q

Bases within a strand linked via

A

phosphodiester bonds

(btwn 3’ and 5’ carbon)

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17
Q

H bonds bwtn bases…

A
  • A-T 2 H bonds
  • G-C 3 H bonds
18
Q

DNA denatiration when…

A

hydrogen bonds are disrupted

  1. Alteration of pH
  2. Increased heat
  3. DNA replication
19
Q

reanneal

A

complementary DNA strands can reanneal (hybridize)

20
Q

Tm

A

temperature that 1/2 of DNA denatures

temp above Tm, DNA is now ss

21
Q

Hershey and Chase

A
  • virus T2 infects E. Coli
  • confirmed that DNA is the genetic material
22
Q

human nuclear genome is

mito genome is

A

3.2 billion bp

16,500 bp

23
Q

Nucleosomes

A
  • DNA associates with histones
  • 146 bp of DNA
  • then organized to make chromosomes
24
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A
  • proved DNA replicaiton is a semi conservative process
  • Bacteria grown in 14N or 15N medium
25
Q

DNA synthesis steps

A
  1. Occurs at the replication fork and is bidirectional
  2. Replication fork has leading and lagging (Okazaki fragments) strand synthesis
  3. Semiconservative
  4. Proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  5. Requires an RNA primer
  6. Base selected based on H-bonding and geometry
  7. High fidelity (low error rate)
26
Q

DNA A

A

replication initiation factor that promotes denaturation of DNA at the origin of replication

27
Q

DNA helicase

A

binds ssDNA near the replication fork and uses ATP to “unzip” DNA

28
Q

single strand DNA binding protein

A

keeps DNA single stranded

29
Q

Topoisoerase

A

DNA gyrase

  • removes torsional strain
  • relieve coiling strain and changes the supercoiled form of DNA
30
Q

Primase

A

synthesizes RNA primers to prime DNA synthesis

31
Q

DNA polymerases

A

replicate DNA

32
Q

DNA ligase

A
  • links DNA by catalyzing phosphodiester bonds
  • joining of Okazaki fragments
  • occurs during DNA repair
33
Q

DNA Synthesis

A
  1. DNA is opened via helicase
  2. ss DNA proteins stabilize single strands
  3. Topoisomerase relieves twisting forces (torsional strain)
  4. primase synthesizes RNA primer
  5. synthesis of leading strand begins (RNA primer leading strand)
  6. DNA polyerase III 5’→3’ (need primer)
  7. primase synthesizes RNA primer in the lagging strand
  8. DNA polymerase III makes Okazaki fragment of lagging strand
  9. DNA polymerase I removes RNA primer replacing it w/ DNA 5’→3’
  10. DNA ligase closes gap in sugar phosphate backbone
34
Q

You are studying DNA replication in your lab and decide to mutate DNA primase. What is the most likely scenario that you will observe?

A. SSBP did not attached to the DNA
B. No replication bubble was formed
C. DNA polymerase III did not attached to the DNA
D. Semiconservative replication occurred …

A

C. DNA polymerase III did not attached to the DNA

35
Q

DNA pol I

A
  • 5’→3’ DNA polymerase activity
  • 3’→5’ exonuclease activity, proofreading
  • 5’→3’ exonuclease activity, RNA primer removal and DNA repair
36
Q

DNA pol III

A
  • main replication enzyme (many subunits)
  • 5’→3’ DNA polymerase activity
  • 3’→5’ exonuclease activity mediates proofreading
37
Q

DNA polymerase adds correct nucleotide via formation of

A

phosphodiester bond

38
Q

Leading strands

A
  • DNA synthesized in one long molecule
  • DNA primase makes a dingle RNA primer
  • DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in 5’→3’
39
Q

Lagging strand

A
  • synthesized discontinuously
  • lagging strand is looped
  • DNA polymerase moves away from fork 5’ to 3’ (okazaki fragments)
  • Okazaki fragments= RNA primers plus DNA
40
Q

DNA Damage

A
  • DNA are irreplaceable (RNA and proteins are replacable)
  • if damage is not repaired
    • point mutation- replacement of one bp
    • insertion and deletion mutations
    • due to environmental and normal metabilsm

N DMD 5246 (6 decks)

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