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N DMD 5246 > Neoplasia-Bickmen > Flashcards

Neoplasia-Bickmen Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Neoplasm

A

A tissue mass with excessive growth, even in the absence of a growth signal

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2
Q

Tumor =

A

Neoplasm

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3
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Remains localized and easily removed

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4
Q

Malignant tumor

A

“cancer”, invasive and destructive to adjacent tissue

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5
Q

Benign tissue

A
  • Small
  • slow growing
  • non-invasive
  • well differentiated
  • local growth
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6
Q

Malignant features

A
  • Large
  • usually faster growing
  • invasive
  • poorly differentiatied
  • Metastasis
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7
Q

what is the key feature between Benign vs Malignant

A

metastasizes

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8
Q

well differentiated

A

gone from stem cell to now contributing to the body (has a job)

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9
Q

oma

A

benign tumors

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10
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor in glandular cells

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11
Q

Leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle cells

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12
Q

chondroma

A

Benign tumor from chrondrocytes

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13
Q

Papilloma

A

nippe or finger like

benign tumors

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14
Q

Polyp

A

projects outwards, forming a lump, has a stock, will usually taller, mushroom shape

benign tumors

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15
Q

Cystadenoma

A

has hollow spaces inside , usually filled with tumors

Benign tumors

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16
Q

Malignant Tumor

Histological features

6

A
  1. Anaplasia
  2. Pleomorphism
  3. Prominent nucleoli
  4. Hyperchromatism
  5. High nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
  6. May be aneuploid
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17
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant growth tumor in epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of grandular cells

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19
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of squamous cells

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20
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumors in mesenchymal tissue

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21
Q

chrondrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of chondrocytes

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22
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of blood vessels

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23
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells

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24
Q

Mixed tumors

A

show differentiation

adenoma

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25
Pleomorphic adenoma
Glands and fibromyxoid stroma(mucus)
26
Fibroadenoma
glands + fibrous tissue breast mouse- you can move it around
27
Malignancies that sound benign
## Footnote - Lymphoma - Mesothelioma - Melanoma - Seminoma
28
Non-tumors that sound like tumors
Hamartoma – Mass of disorganized indigenous tissue Choristoma – ‘Normal’ cells growing elsewhere
29
Names that "come out of no where"
leukemia hydatidiform mole
30
Which of the following describes a benign tumor arising from skeletal muscle? A. Leiomyoma B. Papilloma C. Rhabdomyoma D. Leiomyosarcoma E. Rhabdomyosarcoma
C
31
Tumor characteristics
* Differentiation and anaplasia * Rate of growth * Local invasion * Metastasis
32
anaplasia features
complete lack of differentiation 1. Pleomorphism 2. Hyperchromatic, large nuclei 3. Bizarre nuclear shapes 4. Lots of mitoses and abnormal mitoses 5. Architectural anarchy
33
differentiation
degree to which a cell resembles the cell of orgin malignant: moderate to poorly benign: well differentiated
34
Dysplasia
disorderly growth disorderly in non-neoplastic epithelial cells
35
severe form of dysplasia name features
carcinoma in situ Features * Pleomorphism * Hyperchromatic, large nuclei * Lots of mitoses * Architectural anarchy
36
Rate of growth on cancer depends on
blood supply hormonal factors growth fraction
37
rate of growth affected by
age type of cancer treatment
38
growth fraction
portion of cells actively dividing
39
Metastasis
development of secondary tumor implants in distant tissue
40
Metastasis depends on
1. Degree of differentiation of tumor 2. Type of tumor 3. Size of tumor
41
3 ways to metastasize
1. Seeding: ovarian cancer--\>liver 2. Lymphatic Spread: carcinomas 3. Hematogenous Spread: sacromas--\>lungs
42
cancer incidence
* 2nd leading cause of death * Most Common: prostate and breast * Deadliest: Lung
43
environmetnal variables
sun= skin cancer smoking= lung cancer alcohol= liver, pancreas, breast cancers
44
insulin resistance and cancer
* More insulin receptors on cancerous tissue * The greater the insulin resistance the greater chance of cancer * Type 2 diabetics have a higher cancer risk
45
Warburg effect
cancer cells use glucose insulin resistance/T2 diabetes is a 'perfect storm' for cancer
46
Heredity
inherited cancer syndrome familial cancers syndromes of defective DNA repair
47
inherited cancer syndromes
Autosomal Dominant * Retinoblastoma * Familial polyposis coli * Neurofibromatosis
48
Familial cancers
breast, colon, ovary, brain occur earlier with greater mortality
49
Defective DNA repair syndromes
autosomal recessive Xeroderma pigmentosum (skin uniquely affected by sun)
50
Pareaneoplastic Syndrome
* expeeriencing neg effects of tumor, not due to mass but rather hormones/proteins released by it * sigin of malignancy
51
cause of cancer caused by
non-lethal genetic change
52
proto oncogenes oncogene
a normal, non mutant gene mutated gene
53
oncogenes promote
 Promote excess growth  Don’t regulate Apoptosis  Don’t inhibit growth  Don’t repair DNA
54
p53 Rb Ras
p53 and Rb inhibit cell cycle Ras inhibits p53 and Rb and promotes cell growth
55
Proto-oncogenes--\> oncogenes
1. Autonomous growth 2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals 3. Evasion of apoptosis 4. Limitless replication 5. Sustained angiogenesis 6. Invasion and metastasis
56
Autonomous growth
* increase secretion of growth factors * more receptors * activation of Ras that drives cell cycle
57
most common to all cancers (most common mutation)
p53, that normally stops cell growth by activating Rb, allows cells to grow unchecked
58
apoptotoic proteins proto oncogene that normally prevent cells from becoming immortal
fas executioner capases BCL2 family p53
59
Telomere shortening
leads to cell cycle arrenst cancer cells use telomerase to maintain telomere length (cell cycle continues)
60
sustained angiogensis
tumor needs blood to grow secretes VEGF tumor blood vessels are abnormal (no structure)
61
translocations
most commonly found in hematopoietic malignancies Philadelphia chromosome
62
Deletions
deletion of part or all of a chromosome, usually a tumor suppressor gene (p53) Retinoblastoma
63
sun causes the formation of
T=T dimers
64
agents of cancer
* chemical carcinogens (direct and indirect) * radiation * sun * Infections: H. pylori, HPV, EBV.....
65
Grading
Tells you appearance of the disease Mitosis, pleomporphism, Necrosis
66
Staging
Tells you metastasis TNM system more useful than grading

N DMD 5246 (6 decks)

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