DNA, RNA, Proteins

Question 1

What is the role of precurser metabolites?

Answer 1

so the cell can make all other building blocks

Question 2

What are the 3 things E.coli is mostly made from?

Answer 2

RNA, lipids, Proteins

Question 3

DNA synthesis occurs

Answer 3

5’-3’

Question 4

DNA synthesis is catalyzed by

Answer 4

DNA polymerase

Question 5

Semiconservative

Answer 5

Each DNA strand acts as template for synthesis of a new DNA strand

Question 6

Bacteria has _____ number of ______ chromosomes

Answer 6

1 circular

Question 7

replication begins with ____ and occurs _______

Answer 7

the origin of replication and occurs bidirectionally

Question 8

DNA replication is regulated by

Answer 8

The frequency of initiation at the origin

Question 9

How is high fidelity maintained during DNA replication?

Answer 9

through 3’-5’ exonuclease (proofreading) activity of DNA polymerase

Question 10

DNA gyrase

Answer 10

removes positive supercoils

Question 11

restriction enzymes

Answer 11

cut DNA, producing a souble strand break at a specific recognition sequence

Question 12

What are restriction enzymes produced by?

Answer 12

bacteria to degrade invading DNA,

Question 13

What protects a bacteria from its restriction enzymes?

Answer 13

Methylation

Question 14

errors in DNA replication result in

Answer 14

Spontaneous mutations

Question 15

What proteins are not present in a bacterias nucleosome?

Answer 15

no nucleosomes or histones

Question 16

What does an archaea have in the nucleosome that bacteria does not?

Answer 16

Histone-like proteins

Question 17

Prokaryotes have one ____

Answer 17

RNA pol, DNA-dependent RNA pol

Question 18

Sigma factors

Answer 18

Let RNA pol recognize specific promoters to initiate transcription

Question 19

Euk. have multiple

Answer 19

RNA pols

Question 20

promoters

Answer 20

a specific genetic region involved in the binding of a RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

Question 21

Do archea have promters? If not what do they have instead?

Answer 21

No, they have TATA box like eukarya

Question 22

Operon

Answer 22

Bacterial genes found on a chromosome in clusters with related functions in transcriptional units

Question 23

what does an operon have that is specific?

Answer 23

its own regulatory regions

Question 24

Bacterial mRNA has no _____, _____ ,______

Answer 24

has no introns, Poly A tails, or 5’ caps

Question 25

Rho independent termination

Answer 25

sequence motifs in prok that make transcription stop

Question 26

compared with euks, proks have ________ ________ ________

Answer 26

- smaller ribosomes with diff structure, fewer initiation factors - coupling of transcription and translation - polycistronic mRNA

Question 27

Ribosomes are made of

Answer 27

rRNA and proteins

Question 28

translation begins at the ____ codon

Answer 28

start codon (AUG)

Question 29

WHat initiator tRNA is for bacteria?

Answer 29

f-Met

Question 30

what initator tRNA is for euk?

Answer 30

MET

Question 31

the _________ sequence is found only in bacteria

Answer 31

shine del garno

Question 32

what is the shine del garno sequence?

Answer 32

it is the ribosome binding site

Question 33

The ______ sequence is only found in euk

Answer 33

Kozak sequence

Question 34

protein processing

Answer 34

converts polypeptide into mature protein

Question 35

covalent modification

Answer 35

cleavage, disulfide bond formation

Question 36

folding

Answer 36

involves chaperones such as GroEL and GroES

Question 37

translocation

Answer 37

movement of molecule from one location to another

Question 38

protein export

Answer 38

translocation out of cytoplasm

Question 39

protein secretion

Answer 39

translocation through all membranes to extracellular environment

Question 40

Signal sequence

Answer 40

a sequence of 15-30 amino acids found at n-terminus of polypeptides destined for export from the cytoplasm

Question 41

Type III SS (T3SS)

Answer 41

- genes encoding this T3SS are usually encoded on a pathogencity island or virulence plasmid - effector proteins are delivered directly to the cytoplasm of a euk host or into the extra cellular space

Question 42

Tir

Answer 42

improves E.coli adherence to intestinal cells

Question 43

SopE

Answer 43

salmonella, GEF

Question 44

YopT

Answer 44

Yersinia, cleaves protease

Question 45

Type IV secretion

Answer 45

- related to bacterial conjugation systens (for transferring DNA) - can transfer DNA, protein or DNA-protein complexes