Metabolism Flashcards by Sayara fazely

why are there microbes were life is present on earth?

because of metabolic diversity

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what is impossible for bacteria to grow?

using CO2 as an energy souce

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why is CO2 not used as an energy source?

because energy sources have to be oxidized, and co2 is already fully oxidized

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Metabolism

the sum of chemical processes in a living system

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what is metabolism the basis for?

Bioremediation

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Bioremediation

the ise of microbes to decontaminate the environment

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Microbes have huge roles in _____, ______, and ______ cycling on earth

carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

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Microbes can metabolize ALL or NONE or SOME of naturally occurring organic compounds and many inorganic ones

ALL

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_____ bacteria use reduced Inorganic compounds as energy sources

Chemoautotrophic

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bacteria near black smokers (volcanos) oxidize ___

H2S for energy

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Bacteria in drainage streams from acid mines oxidize ____

Fe for energy

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Bacteria living on “desert Varnish” oxidize ____

Mn2+ for energy

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how many genes in E.coli are known to encode enzymes?

1/2

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What is an E.coli cell mostly made up of ?

Protein, RNA, Phospholipids

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Ribozymes

enzymes that are RNA

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Denaturation

loss of secondary, tertiary, and /or quaternary structure

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Enzymes exhibit great ______ for their ______

specificity for their substrates

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Specificity depends on the enzymes _____ and ______

the enzymes shape and the electrical charges at its ACTIVE SITE

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Active site

where the substrate binds to the enzyme

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Specificity prevents _____

anarchy from happening

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Competitive inhibition

A competitive inhibitor competes for binding to the enzymes active site

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Example of competitive inhibition

Sulfa drugs

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Sulfa drugs

competitive inhibitors of the bacterial enzyme for making folic acid,

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what do Sulfa drugs compete with for the active site of the enzyme

PABA

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Noncompetitive inhibition

Inactivates an enzyme by binding to an allosteric site

what does binding to an allosteric site result in

results in an alteration in the conformation of the active site

Common electron acceptors

NAD+ and NADP+

Organic source of carbonm and organic source of energy

Chemoheterotrophs

Organic source of carbon and light as the source of energy

Photoheterotrophs

CO2 as C source and inorganic compound as the source of energy

Chemoautotrophs

CO2 as C source and light as source of energy

Photoautotrophs

Which is higher energy? NADH or NAD+

NADH

Which is higher energy? Mn3+ or Mn2+

Mn2+

Which is higher energy? C6H12O6 or CO2

C6H12O6

"het" = ___ source C

Organic source of energy

"auto" = ____ source C

CO2 source energy

Energy in a cell comes from

electrons moving down an energy gradient (in oxidation reactions) to make 2 usable forms of energy

what are the 2 usable forms of energy

1) High energy P bonds 2) transmembrane ion gradients

what are the 2 ways to synthesize ATP

1) substrate-level phosphorylation 2) Harvesting energy from a transmembrane ion gradient using ATP synthase

NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH are ____

coenzymes that are common participants in cellular redox reactions

When microbes are fermenting, they can generate all the ATP they need via ______

substrate level phosphorylation

Fermentation always uses ______

organic molecules as substrates

fermentation does not involve

transmembrane ion gradients

fermentation does not require

oxygen

fermentation has many _____

fermentators that involve pyruvate

Microbes make diverse fermentation products from _____

Pyruvate

Proton gradient across the membrane

Proton motive force

proton gradient represents a form of ______

electrochemical energy

ATP synthase mediates ....

the interconversion of the energy of the gradient with ATP

2 common ways prokaryotes can generate a transmembrane ion gradient

1) respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) 2) Photosynthesis (oxygenic or anoxygenic)

2 rare ways prokaryotes can generate transmembrane ion gradient

1) enzyme ion pumps 2) Scalar reactions

4 ways prokaryotes generate transmembrane ion gradient

1) respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) 2) Photosynthesis (oxygenic or anoxygenic) 3) enzyme ion pumps 4) Scalar reactions

Enzyme ion pumps

membrane proteins not associated with the electron transport chain that can pump protons or other ions across the membrane

Scalar reactions

Reactions that consume or produce protons, rather than move them

Respiration

electrons are passed from an electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor through the ETS in the cell membrane, making a proton gradient

aerobic respiration

O2 is the terminal electron acceptor, reduced to H2O

Anaerobic respiration

An ion or compound other than O2 is the terminal electron acceptor (ex nitrate, nitrite, sulfur)

Microaerophilic

slight growth in air, mostly grows without oxygen

A faculatative anerobe, like E>coli yields more ATP when respirating _______ compared to ______ affecting its growth rate

aerobically, compared to fermentating

Chemoautotrophs generate ATP by

oxidizing inorganic compounds through the ETS

Passive transport

relies on diffusion, requires no energy. import only occurs if solute is at higher concentration than outside of the cell

facilitated diffusion

type of passive transport. It uses channel proteins for specific molecules

active transport

for import of nutrients against a concentration gradient

active transport

for import of nutrients against a concentration gradiention

Ion-coupled transport

type of active transport. uses energy of the transmembrane ion gradient

ATP binding cassette (ABC) transport

type of active transport. uses ATP hydrolysis to pump a nutrient into the cell after it has bound its corresponding periplasmic binding protein

Phosphotransferase system (PTS)

uses a high energy phosphate group to chemically modify the solute after it is imported, so it cannot exit

_______ use calvin cycle to _____ fixation

Autotrophs use the calvin cycle for CO2 fixation

RuBisCO

catalyzes the addition of CO2 to ribose biphosphate

3 common pathways of central metabolism

1) glycolysis 2) pentose phosphate pathway 3) TCA (krebs) cycle

how were biosynthetic pathways discovered?

through analysis of auxotrophs of E.coli and Salmonella

prototrophs

bacteria that have no nutritional requirements for the building blocks

AUxotroph

has blockage in 1 or more steps to make building blocks

feedback inhibition

a type of non competative inhibition, it is a way to control metabolic pathways

Metabolism Flashcards

(74 cards)