Dollard and Miller

Question 1

All learning is based on:

Answer 1

• drive
• cue
  -response
• reinforcement
• punishment

Question 2

any internal state strong enough to impel action is called ____

Answer 2

drive

Question 3

any (internal or external) stimulus that guides action is called ____

Answer 3

cue

Question 4

behavior that occurs as a reaction to drives & cues is called _______

Answer 4

response

Question 5

any event that strengthens connection between cue &
response&raquo_space;> increases tendency for response to be repeated is called _______

Answer 5

reinforcement

Question 6

Much of our personality is __________ because reinforcers are very
often _________

Answer 6

• unconscious
• automatic

Question 7

progressive strengthening of responses in
sequence is called

Answer 7

gradient reinforcement

Question 8

Explain why people increase their tendency to approach goal as they get closer to it.

Answer 8

because of gradient reinforcement

Question 9

Most learning involves a ________ of responses that lead to a final reinforced one

Answer 9

sequence

Question 10

tendency to avoid negatively valued stimulus = stronger
the nearer we get to it is called _______ ______

Answer 10

gradient avoidance

Question 11

T or F: Avoidance gradient is lesser than gradient of approach

Answer 11

FALSE: Avoidance gradient is greater than gradient of approach

Question 12

The stronger the drive, the _________ the tendency to approach positively valued goal or to avoid negatively valued one

Answer 12

greater

Question 13

When approach gradient is crossed by more important avoidance gradient, tendencies to approach & avoid situation are equal which results in _________

Answer 13

conflict

Question 14

________-__________ conflict exists when person has both positive & negative appraisal of same situation

Answer 14

approach-avoidance

Question 15

What are the two ways to solve conflict?

Answer 15

• Increasing approach gradient&raquo_space;> learning that situation implies more positive gains than expected.
• Decreasing negative value of situation&raquo_space;> learning that situation implies less negative sides than expected.

Question 16

Conflict generates:

Answer 16

anxiety
fear
stress
tension
inability to make decisions
behavioural inhibition
ambivalence
contradictory attitudes

Question 17

______-_______ conflict exists when person is caught between 2 equally negative situations. Trying to escape one negative situation simply brings person closer to another negative one.

Answer 17

avoidance-avoidance

Question 18

In avoidance-avoidance conflict, what are the two ways to avoid anxiety?

Answer 18

1. alter reality —> reduce avoidance gradient
2. escape reality —– > denial using drugs
   ——> madness (mental illness)

Question 19

What happens if one keeps escaping fear associated with one’s problems, one escapes one’s problems as well?

Answer 19

Problems do not get solved