Rotter and Mischel

Question 1

According to R&M, what are the three things that shape personality?

Answer 1

1. learning via operant conditioning and observational learning
2. Interpersonal relationships
3. cognitive factors (mainly anticipation of future events)

Question 2

According to Rotter

• We anticipate __________
• We ______ & ______ some more than others depending on the _______
• We ________ valued & expected ones…
• Then we emit __________

Answer 2

• reinforcers
• value
  -respect
• situation
• choose
• behaviors

Question 3

a person’s preference for any particular reinforcement over other reinforcements if all are equally likely to occur is called _______

Answer 3

value

Question 4

When it comes to value, preference is mainly determined by our ____ & _____

Answer 4

needs and goals

Question 5

those that get us closer to goals is called ______ _________

Answer 5

valued reinforcers

Question 6

any action, condition, or event which brings us closer
to goal is rewarding is called ________ _______ __ ________

Answer 6

empirical law of effect

Question 7

According to Rotter, what are the six primary needs?

Answer 7

• Dominance: control others, to be in charge, to gain power over others.
• Recognition status: to excel, achieve, to have others recognize one’s worth.
• Independence: to be free from domination of others.
• Protection-dependency: to have others take care of us & to protect us from harm.
• Physical comfort: securing food, good health, & physical security
• Love & affection: to be warmly accepted by others, to be loved, to be held in friendly regard.

Question 8

people’s confidence in any given situation that particular
reinforcement will follow specific behavior is called _________

Answer 8

expectancy

Question 9

degree to which people perceive causal relationship
between own efforts & environmental consequences is called _______ ___ ________

Answer 9

locus of control

Question 10

generalized belief that reinforcement is contingent on our
own actions – feeling of being in control of our life is called _______ _____ ___ _________

Answer 10

Internal locus of control

Question 11

Extreme internal locus of control is:

Answer 11

feeling responsible for everything

Question 12

generalized belief that that luck + outside forces control
what happens to us is called _____ _____ ____ _______

Answer 12

External locus of control

Question 13

Extreme External locus of control is:

Answer 13

apathy + despair

Question 14

LofC creates _____ personality traits, but specific life experiences can _______ it.

Answer 14

• stable
• modify

Question 15

In comparison to individuals with external locus of control, individuals with internal locus of control:

Answer 15

(1) Seek more information to get better control on events.
(2) Are more motivated to succeed – & do succeed better.
(3) Are independent & yet cooperative; conform less; are not aggressive; efficiently resolve relational difficulties.
(4) Are in better physical condition; actively work to be in good shape; have positive attitude toward physical exercises; drink & smoke less.
(5) Are also in better mental condition; are less anxious; have high self-esteem; are more satisfied at work; react positively to treatment when necessary

Question 16

what are the 8 Psychotherapy techniques for this theory? (ACEEBBD)

Answer 16

Avoid conflictual goals
Changing goals
Eliminate LOW expectancy
Eliminate destructive goals
Eliminate unrealistic goals
Better generalization
Better evaluation of situation
Develop skills

Question 17

What are the three additional cognitive factors that Mischel added onto Rotter’s theory?

Answer 17

• competencies
• self encoding strategies
• self regulating system

Question 18

information about task + real ability to perform task is called ___________

Answer 18

competencies

Question 19

people’s individualized way of categorizing information
received from external stimuli&raquo_space;> “personal constructs” is called _______ _________

Answer 19

encoding strategies

Question 20

self-imposed goals & self-produced consequences is called _____________ ________

Answer 20

self-regulating system

Question 21

any persistent behavior that fails to move person closer to
desired goals is called ______ _______

Answer 21

maladaptive behaviour

Question 22

Maladaptive behaviour occurs when:

Answer 22

• Perceived HIGH expectancy based on:
  Unrealistic goals
  Poor skills
  Faulty evaluation of situation
  Poor generalization
• Perceived LOW expectancy

Question 23

Some traits are consistent over time, but there is little evidence to suggest that they are consistent from one situation to another. This is called the _______ _________

Answer 23

consistency paradox