Domain I, Topic D, Nutrition and Supporting Sciences Flashcards
(540 cards)
1
Q
Carbohydrates and protein provide _ calories / gram, fat provides _ calories / gram
A
4, 9
2
Q
The brain uses ______ as an energy source unless the body is in starvation when it uses _____ bodies
A
glucose, ketone
3
Q
_______ is stored as ________ in the muscles and liver
A
glucose, glycogen
4
Q
________ is converted to _______ tissue when it isn’t used and stored as fat
A
glycogen, adipose
5
Q
_______________ is the conversion of non carbohydrate sources into glucose (from glycerol an amino acids)
A
gluconeogenesis
6
Q
___________ is the state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
A
homeostasis
7
Q
_______ are proteins that are organic catalysts that control reactions
A
enzymes
8
Q
________ are enzyme activators. Ex pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin
A
coenzymes
9
Q
A _________ is a substance upon which an enzyme works
A
substrate
10
Q
A ________ assists enzymes; often minerals
A
cofactor
11
Q
________ are secretions from the endocrine gland
A
hormones
12
Q
________ are chemical messengers that trigger enzymes
A
hormones
13
Q
Thyroxine is a _______ that regulates metabolism and the rate of oxidation. It influences physical and mental growth and stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; raises blood sugar
A
hormone
14
Q
_________ is the synthesis of a substance; requires energy
A
anabolism
15
Q
__________ is the breakdown of a substance; produces energy
A
catabolism
16
Q
_____ _____ ___________ (TEE) is the sum of basal energy expenditure (BEE), the energy expended in physical activity (EEPA), and the thermic effect of food (TEF)
A
Total Energy Expenditure
17
Q
_____ ______ ___________ (BEE) is the minimum amount of energy needed at rest in fasting (amount needed to carry out involuntary work of the body, activity of internal organs, internal temperature)
A
Basal Energy Expenditure
18
Q
_____ ______ ___________ is affected by extremes in temperature (tropical climate 5 - 20% increase), caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine stimulate 7 - 15%
A
Basal Energy Expenditure
19
Q
______ ________ in ________ ________ (EEPA) is highly variable. AKA ________ _____________ (AT)
A
Energy Expended in Physical Activity, Activity Thermogenesis
20
Q
The _______ ______ of ____ (TEF) is the amount of energy needed to digest food, absorb and assimilate nutrients. Greater after the consumption of carbohydrate and protein rather than fat.
A
Thermic Effect of Food
21
Q
_____ _________ ____ (BMR) is measured in the morning when reclining, awake, relaxed, at normal body temperature, at least 12 hours after last meal, and several hours after strenuous activity
A
Basal Metabolic Rate
22
Q
Basal Metabolic Rate measures ______ consumed
A
oxygen
23
Q
Basal Metabolic Rate is primarily affected by ___, ___, ____ composition, and __________ glands.
A
sex, age, body, endocrine
24
Q
Basal Metabolic Rate is measured by _______ _____ ______ (PBI)
A
Protein Bound Iodine
25
Protein Bound Iodine (PBI) measures activity of the _______ gland; specifically the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid
26
When _ _ _ is elevated _ _ _ is elevated
PBI, BMR
27
___ measures energy metabolism and the amount of thyroxine produced
PBI
28
___ is NOT a nutritional assessment parameter
PBI
29
___ is higher during periods of growth, pregnancy, lactation, fever (7% increase for each degree rise in temperature), some diseases
BMR
30
___ is increased by exercise
BMR
31
_____ ______ __________ (BEE) also known as calculated BMR includes age, sex, body surface area (height, weight)
Basal Energy Expenditure
32
_______ _________ ____ (RMR) is energy expenditure measured under similar condition to BMR, after a short rest and controlled intake of caffeine and alcohol
Resting Metabolic Rate
33
RMR is used more frequently than ___ and is 10 - 20% higher
BMR
34
The predictive equation _______ - __ ____ predicts within 10% of indirect calorimetry.
Mifflin - St. Joer
35
______ ____ ______ (ABW) should be used for underweight, overweight, and obese people when calculating calories
Actual Body Weight
36
Following changes in ______ is the most practical way of measuring energy balance
weight
37
______ calorimetry measures heat produced in respiration chamber
direct
38
________ calorimetry measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine
Indirect
39
__________ _________ (RQ) = VCO2 (Carbon dioxide expired / VO2 (Oxygen consumed)
Respiratory Quotient
40
The RQ for carbohydrates alone is __
1
41
The RQ for protein alone is ____
0.82
42
The RQ for fat alone is ___
0.7
43
The RQ for mixed intake is ____
0.85
44
Glucose, fructose, and galactose are _______________
monosaccharides
45
sucrose is a ____________ and is made up of _______ and ________
disaccharide, glucose, fructose
46
Starch, cellulose, pectin, glycogen, and dextrin are all _______________
polysaccharides
47
______ are composed of glucose chains; make up 50% of all CHO intake
starch
48
_________ is resistant to digestive enzyme amylase; adds bulk
cellulose
49
______ is a non digestible carbohydrate that thickens fruit
Pectin
50
________ is an animal starch that is stored in the muscle liver
Glycogen
51
_______ is an intermediate product of starch breakdown
Dextrin
52
________ is an alcohol derived from glucose that is absorbed more slowly than glucose by passive diffusion
Sorbitol
53
In order of sweetness: fructose, ______ _____, sucrose, _______, sorbitol, ________, galactose, _______, and lactose
invert sugar, glucose, mannitol, maltose
54
Carbohydrates are made up of ______, ________, and ______
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
55
____________ produce a protein sparring action, preventing the use of protein for energy and allowing it to be used primarily for tissue synthesis.
carbohydrates
56
A carbohydrate restricted diet leads to _______ to fuel the brain
ketosis
57
________ are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (in some amino acids)
Proteins
58
The amino acids cysteine, cystine, and methionine all contain ______
sulfur
59
_____ _____ have an amino group (NH2), a base carboxyl group (COOH), and an acid
amino acids
60
The _________ amino acids include theronine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, and histidine
Essential
61
During catabolic stress the amino acids arginine and glutamine are _____________ _________.
conditionally essential
62
__________ is a precursor for serotonin and niacin
Tryptophan
63
_____________ is converted to tyrosine
Phenylalanine
64
__________ is converted to cystenine
Methionine
65
A ________ has all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio to maintain body tissues and promote growth
complete
66
____ __________ _____ (HBV) proteins are foods that are at least 50% protein
High Biological Value
67
__________ proteins are those that are missing one or more essential amino acids
incomplete
68
______ proteins are amino acids
simple
69
__________ proteins (lipoproteins) are amino acids plus a non protein substance
conjugated
70
_______ proteins (peptide) are fragments from simple and conjugated proteins
derived
71
Sources of _______ include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, and legumes
protein
72
The functions of _______ are tissue synthesis, maintaining growth, and regulation of body processes
Protein
73
_______ is an inefficient energy source, nitrogen has to be removed first
Protein
74
Only __% of protein can be converted to glucose
58
75
An average person needs ___ grams per KG body weight per day (10-15% of total energy intake)
0.8
76
Soybeans are low in the amino acid __________
methionine
77
___ protein is equivalent in protein quality to animal protein
Soy
78
Legumes are low in the amino acid __________, _______, nd __________
Methionine, cystine, tryptophan
79
Gelatin is low in the amino acids __________, ______, and has no __________
Methionine, lysine, tryptophan
80
___ (lipids) are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Fat
81
______ fats are known as triglycerides
Simple
82
______________ are composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
triglycerides
83
Most food fats are ____________
triglyceride
84
________ fats are simple fats plus other components
compound
85
____________ are found in cell membranes and control the passage of compounds in and out of the cell
Phospholipids
86
Most _____________ are lecithins which contain choline.
phospholipids
87
_____________ help prevent fat accumulation in the liver
phospholipids
88
Phospholipids function in the transport and utilization of fatty acids and cholesterol through the enzyme ________ ___________ _______________ (LCAT)
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase
89
A _______ fat is a fat substance derived from a simple or compound fat by hydrolysis or enzymatic breakdown (fatty acid, glycerol, steroid)
derived
90
_________ fatty acids have all available bonds of carbon chain are filled with hydrogen; solid and hard at room temp
Saturated
91
___________ fatty acids have one or more double bonds
Unsaturated
92
_____________ fatty acids have one double bond
Monounsaturated
93
_______________ fatty acids have two or more double bonds
Polyunsaturated
94
Safflower oils are mostly _______________ fatty acids
Polyunsaturated
95
Canola oils are mostly ___________ fatty acids
Unsaturated
96
The absence of _________ fatty acids will create a specific deficiency disease
essential
97
Linoleic acids are omega ___ fatty acids
six
98
a-linolenic acids are omega _____ fatty acids
three
99
A lack of omega ___ fatty acids can create eczema, poor growth rate, and petechiae (red, purple skin spots)
six
100
If omega ___ fatty acids replace CHO for energy, LDL goes down and HDL goes up
six
101
If omega ___ fatty acids replace saturated fat, total cholesterol goes down and HDL goes down
six
102
_________ is the best source of omega ___ fatty acids
Safflower, six
103
Omega _____ fatty acids are responsible for retinal function and brain development. Deficiency results in neurological changes such as numbness and blurred vision
three
104
Omega _____ fatty acids come mainly from fish oils, walnuts, flaxseed, and canola
three
105
Omega _____ fatty acids decrease hepatic production of triglycerides (inhibit VLDL synthesis)
three
106
Omega _____ fatty acids have little effect on cholesterol levels
three
107
____ _____ are straigh hydrocarbon chains terminating in a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH3) at the other end
Fatty Acids
108
Fatty acids are classified by the number of _______ in the chain, the position of the first double bond, and the number of double bonds
carbons
109
The location of the first double bond in a fatty acid, counted from the methyl end of the fatty acid is designated by the _____ sign
omega
110
C18:2ω6 is the structure of ________ acid. Indicates that there are 18 carbons, two double bonds, and the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon
linoleic
111
C18:3ω3 is the structure of _________ acid. Indicates there are 18 carbons, three double bonds at the first and third carbon
linolenic
112
_____________ is the process of adding hydrogen at the double bond to unsaturated fatty acids to increase saturation and stability
Hydrogenation
113
_____ fatty acids have hydrogens across from each other; pack as tightly as SFA in membranes; intake can influence membrane fluidity and could be harmful to cell function; found in milk fat (4 - 8%), margarines, shortenings, frying fats as product of partial hydrogenation of PUFA
Trans
114
___ fatty acids have hydrogens on the same side at the double bond; found in most natural fats and oils
Cis
115
______ chain triglycerides (MCT) are SFAs between 6 and 12 carbons; naturally found in milk fat, coconut oil, and palm and kernel oil
Medium
116
Olive, canola, peanut, sunflower, and coconut oil are ______________ fatty acids
monounsaturated
117
Safflower, corn, soybean, cottenseed, sunflower, and palm kernel oil are _______________ fatty acids
Polyunsaturated
118
______ is made up of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Butter
119
_________ is made up of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids
Margarine
120
Most _____ - _______ lipids have zero grams of trans fat, no partially hydrogenated oils and are liquid plant oils
heart healthy
121
_____ _____ provide energy, insulation, padding, and depresses gastric secretion to delay gastric emptying
fatty acids
122
_____ _____ have less oxygen than carbohydrates and more carbons, and therefore provide more energy
fatty acids
123
_____ _____ should compose less than 30% of daily calories
fatty acids
124
_______ is metabolized as a fat and provides 7 calories per gram
alcohol
125
To determine calories from _______ (0.8)(proof)(ounces)
alcohol
126
_______ requires no digestion and is readily absorbed by simple diffusion through the stomach or small intestine and transported unaltered in the bloodstream
alcohol
127
Alcohol can cause decreased ____ _________ of fatty acids and promotes triglyceride synthesis
beta oxidation
128
__________ oil is found in salad dressings and won't crystallize when cold
winterized
129
__________ oil is chilled to 45 degrees and fatty acids with high melting points crystallize and are filtered out
winterized
130
__________ oil is clear, not cloudy
winterized
131
Corn, soy, and cottenseed oils are __________, whereas olive oil is not
winterized
132
Vitamin __ is fat soluble, stored in the liver, carotene precursor, provitamin converted in intestinal mucosal cells. Toxic level 10,000 IU.
A
133
Vitamin __ functions in skin and vision and is found in yellow orange fruits, dark green leafy vegetables, cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato
A
134
DRI for Vitamin __: Males = 900 micrograms. Females = 700 micrograms
A
135
Vitamin __ deficiencies include night blindness (nyctalopia) which is reversible, xerophthalmia (corneal damage) which is not reversible, and hyperkeratosis (dry, scaly skin)
A
136
Vitamin __ is a fat soluble whose precursor is cholesterol and is developed in the skin through exposure to UV light
D
137
Vitamin __ functions in calcium and phosphorus metabolism
D
138
Sources of vitamin __ include sunlight, egg yolk, and fortified milk
D
139
DRI for vitamin __ 5-15 micrograms per day
D
140
Deficiencies of vitamin __ include rickets and osteomalacia
D
141
The process for vitamin __ is 7 dehydrocholesterol > D3 cholecalciferol > D2 > ergocalciferol
D
142
Vitamin __ (also known as tocopherol) is a fat soluble vitamin. One of the least toxic vitamins (UL 1000 mgs)
E
143
Vitamin __ functions as an antioxidant and helps prevent the hemolysis of red blood cells
E
144
Vegetable oils, whole grains, green vegetables, and almonds are all sources of vitamin __
E
145
DRI for vitamin __: 15 mg
E
146
Deficiencies of vitamin __ include hemolytic anemia
E
147
Vitamin __ is a fat soluble vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the lower intestinal tract. No toxicity symptoms.
K
148
Vitamin __ forms prothrombin in the liver which aids in blood clotting. Is given pre surgery. Aids in calcium metabolism
K
149
Sources of vitamin __ include spinach, kale, broccoli, and green leafy vegetables
K
150
DRI for vitamin __: Males = 120 micrograms Females = 90 micrograms
K
151
Deficiencies of vitamin __ include blood hemorrhage. Is also affected by antibiotics and anticoagulants
K
152
Vitamin __ (thiamin) is a water soluble vitamin lost as temperature or pH rises. Is heat stable in acid.
B1
153
Vitamin __ (thiamin) aids in the oxidation of CHO and the metabolism of pyruvate
B1
154
Sources of vitamin __ (thiamin) include grains, wheat germ pork, and liver
B1
155
DRI for vitamin __ (thiamin): Males = 1.2 mg Females = 1.1 mg
B1
156
Vitamin __ (thiamin) deficiencies include beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia, low levels of erythrocyte transketolase, and an increase in plasma pyruvate
B1
157
Vitamin __ (Riboflavin) is lost in UV light
B2
158
Vitamin __ (riboflavin) helps to release energy from protein and promotes red blood cell production
B2
159
Sources of vitamin __ (riboflavin) include liver, kidney, meat, and milk
B2
160
DRI for vitamin __ (riboflavin): Males = 1.3 mg Females = 1.1 mg
B2
161
Deficiencies of vitamin __ (riboflavin) include growth failure, cheilosis (cracked lips), angular stomatitis (mouth corner cracks), sore throat, magenta tounge
B2
162
Vitamin __ (niacin) is the precursor to tryptophan. Essential in all cells for energy production and metabolism
B3
163
Vitamin __ (niacin) aids in the metabolism of CHO, protein, and fat
B3
164
Sources of vitamin __ (niacin) include protein, peanuts, ready to eat cereals, chicken, rice, yeast, and milk
B3
165
DRI for vitamin __ (niacin): Males = 16 mg Females = 14 mg
B3
166
Deficiencies of vitamin __ (Niacin) include pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, beefy bight red tounge, symmetrical pigmented rash in sunlight
B3
167
Vitamin __ (folate) is a water soluble. para aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is its precursor
B9
168
Vitamin __ (folate) aids in DNA synthesis, forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube defects
B9
169
Source of vitamin __ (folate) include dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils and beans
B9
170
RDI for vitamin __ (folate): 400 micrograms
B9
171
Deficiencies of vitamin __ (folate) include megaloblastic and macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue
B9
172
Vitamin __ (Pyridoxine) is a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism, deamination, and transamination
B6
173
Source of vitamin __ (Pyridoxine) include meat, wheat, corn, yest, pork, ready to eat cereals
B6
174
DRI for vitamin __ (Pyridoxine): Males = 1.22 - 1.7 mg Females = 1.3 - 1.5 mg
B6
175
Deficiencies of vitamin __ (pyridoxine) include seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neruopathy
B6
176
Vitamin __ (cyanocobalamin) contains cobalt and is bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juices
B12
177
Vitamin __ (cyanocobalamin) is a coenzyme in protein synthesis and helps to form RBC
B12
178
Sources of vitamin __ (cyanocobalamin) include liver, meat, milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese
B12
179
DRI for vitamin __ (cyanocobalamin): 2.4 micrograms
B12
180
Deficiencies of vitamin __ (cyanocobalamin) include macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia.
B12
181
Pernicious anemia usually occurs after removal of the ileum due to a lack of ________ ______, preventing vitamin __ (cyanocobalamin) absorption.
Intrinsic factor, B12
182
___________ acid is the precursor to coenzyme A. Aids in the synthesis of fatty acids
Pantothenic
183
Sources of ___________ acid include animal foods, grains, legumes
Pantothenic
184
DRI for ___________ acid = 5 mg
Pantothenic
185
Deficiency of ___________ acid is very rare and results in paresthesia in feet
Pantothenic
186
Vitamin _ (ascorbic acid) is very easily destroyed, has a structure like glucose, is an antioxidant, needs an acidic pH, destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, and oxidation
C
187
Vitamin _ (ascorbic acid) changes proline into hydroxyproline into collagen which strengthens intercellular substances. Aids in wound healing and iron absorption
C
188
Vitamin _ (ascorbic acid) is found in citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green and yellow vegetables
C
189
DRI for vitamin _ (ascorbic acid) is 70 - 90 mg
C
190
Deficiencies of vitamin _ (ascorbic acid) include scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae
C
191
Vitamin __ (biotin) is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg white)
B7
192
Vitamin __ (biotin) is a coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
B7
193
Vitamin __ (biotin) is found in liver, kidney, egg yolk, and yeast
B7
194
DRI for Vitamin __ (biotin) is 30 micrograms
B7
195
Deficiencies for Vitamin __ (biotin) include muscle pan, dermatitis, and glossitis
B7
196
___ - ________ is found in plants as phytic acid. Related to sugar and contains phosphorus vitamin like factor
Myo - Inositol
197
___ - ________ (Phytic Acid) binds to calcium, zinc, iron, and helps provide cell membrane structure
Myo - Inositol
198
___ - ________ (Phytic Acid) is found in the outer husks of cereal grains and leafy green vegetables
Myo - Inositol
199
_______ is the most abundant mineral in the body. Regulated by the parathyroid hormone. Vitamin D, acid, lactose aid absorption. Calcitonin lowers serum _______ by inhibiting bone resorption.
Calcium
200
_______ aids in blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility
Calcium
201
_______ is found in dairy products, leafy vegetables, and legumes.
Calcium
202
DRI for _______ is 1000 - 12000 mg
Calcium
203
Deficiencies of ______ leads to tetany (invoulantary muscle contractions)
Calcium
204
__________ is the second most abundant mineral. Part of DNA, RNA, and ATP
Phosphorus
205
__________ helps transpot fat through lymph and blood, bone, teeth
Phosphorus
206
__________ is found in meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, and cheese
Phosphorus
207
DRI for __________ is 700 mg
Phosphorus
208
Deficiencies of __________ are very rare
Phosphorus
209
____ is a trace mineral. Part of hemoglobin. In food: ferric. Absorbable: ferrous. Stored: ferritin.
Iron
210
The form of iron in food is ______
ferric
211
The form of iron in food is _______
ferrous
212
The form of iron in food is ________
ferritin
213
____ aids in oxygen transport in the blood
Iron
214
Sources of ____ ____ include animal foods, meat, fish, poultry.
heme iron
215
Source of non ____ ____ include cereals, vegetables. Non ____ ____ is poorly absorbed, aided by gastric juices and vitamin C. Calcium helps if oxalates are present. Eggs, tea, milk, and cheese do not aid in absorption
heme iron
216
DRI of ____ = Males 8 mg, females 18 mg
Iron
217
____ deficiency include pale tounge, fatigue, anemia, spoon shaped nails, pale conjunctivae (mucous membranes lining eyelid)
Iron
218
_________ is part of chlorophyll, 50% in bone, 50% in cells
Magnesium
219
_________ aids in protein and fatty acid synthesis, stabilizes the structure of ATP.
Magnesium
220
_________ is found in most foods, milk, and bread
Magnesium
221
DRI for _________ : Males = 420 mg Females = 320 mg
Magnesium
222
_________ deficiency is rare, causes tremors
Magnesium
223
____ is a trace mineral, excess leads to copper or iron deficiency
Zinc
224
____ increases taste acuity, enhances insulin action, stabilizes DNA, RNA, cell division
Zinc
225
____ is found in meat, liver, eggs, fish. Phytates and copper lower ____ absorption
Zinc
226
DRI for ____: Male 11 mg Female 8 mg
Zinc
227
Deficiencies for ____ include reduced immune function, alopecia, poor wound healing, and hypogeusia
zinc
228
______ is a trace mineral, part of thyroxine.
Iodine
229
Sources of ______ include seafood and iodized salt
Iodine
230
DRI of ______: 150 micrograms
Iodine
231
______ deficiency usually materializes as a goiter
Iodine
232
________ is a trace mineral that fortifies teeth and bones, found in soil and public water.
Fluoride
233
DRI of ________ : Males = 4 mg Females = 3 mg
Fluoride
234
Symptom of ________ deficiency are dental carries
Fluoride
235
______ is a trace mineral attached to protein, ceuloplasmin
copper
236
______ aids in hemoglobin synthesis and aids in iron absorption
Copper
237
______ is found in liver kidneys and shellfish
Copper
238
DRI for ______ is 900 micrograms
copper
239
______ deficiency is rare, leads to microcytic anemia, neutropenia, wilson's disease: low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme
copper
240
________ is a trace mineral that cooperates with vitamin E.
Selenium
241
_______ is an antioxidant mineral that aids in tissue respiration
Selenium
242
________ is found in soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, and dairy
Selenium
243
DRI for ________ : Male = 55 microgram Female = 45 microgram
Selenium
244
Deficiency of ________ identifies as myalgia, cardiac, myopathy
Selenium
245
_________ is a trace mineral that aids in central nervous system function
Manganese
246
The trace mineral ________ is found in whole grains legumes and nuts
Manganese
247
DRI for the trace mineral _________ is 1.8 - 2.3 micrograms per day
Manganese
248
Deficiency of the trace mineral _________ is very unlikely
Manganese
249
________ is an ultra trace mineral whose absorption is enhanced by vitamin C and niacin
Chromium
250
The ultra trace mineral ________ aids in insulin action and glucose metabolism
Chromium
251
Sources of the ultra trace mineral _________ include yeast, oysters, potatoes, and liver
Chromium
252
DRI for the ultra trace mineral ________ : 25 - 35 micrograms
chromium
253
Deficiencies of the ultra trace mineral _______ include insulin resistance
chromium
254
_______ is a mineral that exists with vitamin B12 and is stored in the liver
Cobalt
255
The mineral ______ aids in the maturation of red blood cells
cobalt
256
Deficiencies of the mineral ______ are related to B12 deficiency
cobalt
257
The mineral ______ is part of the amino acids cysteine, cystine, and methionine
sulfur
258
The mineral ______ is a component of organic molecules
Sulfur
259
The mineral ______ is found in meat eggs fish and poultry
sulfur
260
The DRI for the mineral ______ is 425 - 550 mg
sulfur
261
________ is an essential nutrient that is a component of lecithin and helps transport lipids as acetyl_______
choline
262
The essential nutrient _______ is found in the fat in eggs milk, liver, and soybeans
choline
263
Water is _____________ (ICW) within cells
intracellular
264
Plasma, lymph, interstitial or intercellular fluid are all ____________ (ECW)
extracellular
265
_____ serves as the medium for cell metabolism
water
266
__________ water loss is water lost through the skin and through breathing. This is about 0.8 - 1.2 liters per day
insensible
267
_____ _____ fluid includes both extracellular and extravascular fluid
Third Space
268
____________ dissociate into ions in water
electrolytes
269
cations are __________ charged and ______ are negatively charged
cations, anions
270
___ = (mg / atomic weight) x # of valence electrons
mEq
271
The ___________ electrolytes include Na+, Ca++, Cl-, and HCO3- (bicarbonate)
extracellular
272
Sodium chloride is __% sodium
40
273
One teaspoon of salt has _ grams of NaCl, and therefore ___ grams of sodium
6, 2.4
274
Sodium is absorbed by the hormone ___________ and retained by steroids
aldosterone
275
Normal saline is ___% (NaCl) 154 mEq Na and 154 mEg Cl per liter
0.9
276
The _____________ electrolytes are K+, Mg++, P
intracellular
277
Sources of the intracellular electrolyte _________ include meat, fuits, vegetables, (banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe).
Potassium
278
Poor sources of the intracellular electrolyte _________ include apple, cranberry, blueberry, carrot, and corn
Potassium
279
The hormone ___________ increases the excretion of the intracellular electrolyte _________.
aldosterone, potassium
280
_____________ is causes by excessive stores of the intracellular electrolyte _________ and causes cardiac irregularities
Hyperkalemia, potassium
281
Normal range for ______ cations: 136 - 145 mEq/L
sodium
282
Normal range for ______ cations: 3.5 - 5 mEq/L
Potassium
283
Normal range for ______ cations: 4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L (9 - 11 mg/dL)
Calcium
284
Normal range for ______ cations: 1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L (1.8 - 3 mg/dL)
Magnesium
285
Normal range for ______ anions: 96 - 106 mEq/L
Chloride
286
Normal range for ______ anions: 3 - 4.5 mg/dL
Phosphorus
287
_____ specific gravity = 1.002 - 1.025 (formula uses weight and volume)
Urine
288
_______ is the movement of fluid from a less to a more concentrated side of a membrane
osmosis
289
_________ is the movement of particles from a more to less concentrated side
diffusion
290
________ effect on fluid balance is that it exerts colloidal osmotic pressure
Protein's
291
The protein _______ exerts pressure on blood vessel walls that keep water within. When _______ levels drop, the pressure drops, causing fluid to leak out
Albumin, albumin
292
When _______ levels are low, water moves from the extracellular (plasma) space of cells to the interstitial space( between and around cells).
Albumin
293
Low serum _______ leads to edema and ascities
protein
294
________ is extreme, generalized edema and widespread swelling of skin due to effusion of fluid into extracellular space. It is associated with heart, liver, renal failure, and extreme protein and calorie malnutrition.
Anasarca
295
___________ is caused by decreased water intake, excessive water output, and heavy solute load
dehydration
296
Signs of ___________ include nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever hyperventilation, excessive sweating, concentrated urine, dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (BUN) tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, and rapid weight loss
dehydration
297
Serum ______ is the BEST assessment parameter for fluid status.
sodium
298
Hypernatremia is associated with ____ hydration, hyponatremia is associated with ____ hydration
dehydration, over hydration
299
____ - ____ balance is the regulation of hydrogen concentration
acid - base
300
____ releases hydrogen ions, _____ release take up hydrogen ions
acid, base
301
A ______ is a mixture of acid and base components to protect against a strong acid or strong base
buffer
302
The _____ buffer if the body is carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
major
303
_____ control supply of carbonic acid (carbon dioxide, water)
Lungs
304
The amount of _______ acid in the body is altered by the rate and depth of breathing
carbonic
305
____ventilation promotes the retention of carbonic acid, _____ventilation promotes the loss of acid
hypo, hyper
306
_______ control the amount of base in the body
Kidneys
307
_______ regulate hydrogen ion secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption
Kidneys
308
If kidneys retain __________, the level of base in the body increases
bicarbonate
309
If kidneys excrete excess ___________ the level of base in the body decreases
bicarbonate
310
A change in one side of the body's major ______ brings about a compensatory change in the other side to maintain a pH balance close to ___
buffer, 7.4
311
respiratory ________ is the retention of carbon dioxide by the lungs (decreased ventilation). To compensate the kidneys increase absorption of base
acidosis
312
Respiratory _________ is the loss of carbonic acid (increased ventillation). To compenste the kidneys excrete additional base
alkalosis
313
In metabolic ________ the kidneys either produce or retain too much hydrogen leading to an increase in production of carbonic acid; or the kidneys may excrete too much base. To compensate, respiration increases to remoce carbon dioxide and to decrease carbonic acid
acidosis
314
In metabolic _________ hydrogen is lost due to a loss of acid; or an increased retention of base. To compensate, ventilation decreases to retain carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid
alkalosis
315
In __________ acidosis H2CO3 increases. It is caused by CO2 retention, hypoventilation, and emphysema. The compensetory response is for the kidneys to increase absorption of bicarbonate
Respiratory
316
In ___________ alkalosis H2CO3 decreases. This is caused by a loss of CO2 and H2O, hyperventilation, anxiety, and severe exercise. The compensatory response is for the kidneys to excrete bicarbonate.
respiratory
317
In _________ acidosis HCO3 decreases and H+ increased. This occurs when the kidneys excrete excess base; uremia, diarrhea, increased hydrogen production or retention by the kidneys, uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, high fat or low CHO diet. The compensatory response is for respiration to increase and to expel CO2 to decrease carbonic acid (hyperventilation.
metabolic
318
In _________ alkalosis HCO3 increases and H+ decreases. This is caused by an abnormal retention of base, increased ingestion of alkali, diuretics, vomiting, loss of acid, loss of chloride. The compensatory response is for respiration to decrease, retain carbon dioxide, increase carbonic acid, and hypoventilation.
metabolic
319
The first step in evaluating a patient's acid base balance is to: Check the patient's __. Is it moving towards ________ or _________?
pH, acidosis, alkalosis
320
The second step in evaluating a patient's acid base balance is to: Look for the cause of acidosis or alkalosis, is it _________ or _________?
Respiratory, metabolic
321
To determine if ________ or _______ is ___________, check pCO2, this is regulated by the lungs. This will tell you if the lungs are working normally.
acidosis, alkalosis, respiratory
322
To determine if ________ or _______ is ___________, check HCO3, this is regulated by the kidneys. This will tell you if the kidneys are working normally.
acidosis, alkalosis, metabolic
323
Normal weight women should gain __ - __ lbs during pregnancy
25 - 35
324
Underweight women should gain __ - __ lbs during pregnancy
28 - 40
325
Overweight women should gain __ - __ lbs during pregnancy
15 - 25
326
Obese women should gain __ - __ lbs during pregnancy
11 -20
327
_____ and very _____ women should try to attain the higher limit of their pregnancy weight gain recommendations to reduce risk
Black, young
328
During the first trimester of pregnancy (0 - 12 weeks) a woman should add ___ calories to her needs per day
0
329
During the second trimester of pregnancy (13 - 26 weeks) a woman should add ___ calories to her needs per day
340
330
During the third trimester of pregnancy (27 - last week) a woman should add ___ calories to her needs per day
452
331
During the first 6 months of lactation a woman should add ___ calories to her needs per day
330
332
During the first 6 - 12 months of lactation a woman should add ___ calories to her needs per day
400
333
During the second half of pregnancy (after 20 weeks) and during lactation women should consume an additional __ grams of protein
71
334
Minimum hemoglobin during pregnancy = __ g/dL
11
335
Minimum hematocrit during pregnancy = __ %
33
336
Weight gain in pregnancy = __ lb / month for first 3 months; __ lb per week thereafter
1,1
337
Pregnancy at risk with failure to gain __ lbs / month in last half of pregnancy
4
338
Pregnancy at risk with mother less than __ yrs or greater than or equal to __ years
16, 35
339
Pregnancy at risk when less than __ months between pregnancies
12
340
Pregnant __________ are at high risk, needs extra iron, calcium and zinc
adolescents
341
__ mg of ferrous sulfate should be taken during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy (taken between meals, not with milk, tea, or coffee)
30
342
___ micrograms of folic acid should taken during pregnancy (added to 200 from foods for a total of ___)
400, 600
343
AI of calcium for pregnancy and lactation: less than 18 yrs ____ mg, greater than 18 years ____ mg
1300, 1000
344
____________ is a hormone that develops placenta after implantation
progesterone
345
Recommend ___ g/ day of linoleic acid, ___ g / day with lactation. Needed for development of the fetal nervous system
1.4, 1.3
346
Avoid excess intake of preformed vitamin _ during pregnancy
A
347
Avoid shark, swordfish, king mackerel, limit albacore, raw fish during _________
pregnancy
348
Normal birth weight ____ - ____ g
2500 - 4000
349
Low birth weight less than ____ g
2500
350
Very low birth weight less than ____ g
1500
351
Extremely low birth weight less than ____ g
1000
352
____ for ___________ ___ (SGA) = less than 10th percentile birth weight for gestational age
Small for gestation age
353
___________ for ___________ ___ (AGA) = birth weight between 10 and 90th percentile
Appropriate for gestational age
354
_____ for ___________ ___ (LGA) = birth weight above 90th percentile
Large for gestational age
355
Calorie needs from 0 - 6 months : Males = ___ Females = ___
570, 520
356
Protein needs from 0 - 6 months : ___ g
9.1
357
Water needs 0 - 6 months : ___ - ___ mL/Kg
125 - 155
358
Fat needs 0 - 6 months: minimum of __ grams per day
30
359
Calorie needs 7 - 12 months = Males = ___ Females = ___
676, 743
360
Protein needs 7 - 12 months = __ g
11
361
Water needs 7 - 12 months = __ mL / kcal
1.5
362
A neonate is from birth to __ month(s)
1
363
Neonates can absorb whole intact _______
protein
364
Weight at 0 - 6 months _ kg (__ lbs)
6, 13
365
Weight at 7 - 12 months _ kg (__ lbs)
9, 20
366
Length at 0 - 6 months __" (__cm)
24, 60
367
Length at 7 - 12 months __" __cm
28, 71
368
Hemoglobin for newborns = ____ - ____
16.5 - 19.5
369
Hemoglobin for 6 - 23 months = ____
10.0+
370
Hematocrit for newbon = __ - __
49 - 54
371
Human milk is __ calories per ounce
20
372
Maternal hormones come from the _________ gland
pituitary
373
The hormone _________ stimulates milk production
prolactin
374
________ moves milk through milk ducts
Oxytocin
375
_________ is the yellowish transparent fluid secreted from the breast during the first few days
Colostrum
376
_________ meets infants needs during the first week; has more protein, less fat and carbohydrate than mature milk; has antibodies
Colostrum
377
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first _ - _ months, then weaning foods for at least up to 12 month
4 - 6
378
Human milk is _% protein, __% carbohydrate, __% fat, and has more lactalbumin than cows milk
7, 38, 55
379
Cows milk is __% protein, __% carbohydrate, __% fat
20, 30, 50
380
Breast fed infants need: ___ IU vitamin D from birth and ____ mg fluoride / day after _ months of age if water contains inadequate fluoride
400, 0.25, 6
381
Milk supply is adequate if infant gains ______ and ______, has frequent stools and _ - _ wet diapers per day
weight, length, 6 - 8
382
The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative is a global effort to increase the incidence and duration of ______ - _______. To be compliant the hospital must show it implements ten steps to be successful. Requires a multidisciplinary team.
Breast Feeding
383
Infant formula has __ calories / ounce; need ____ oz/lb/day
20, 2 1/2
384
Formula has more _______ and ____ than human milk but lacks __________
protein, iron, antibodies
385
Vitamin _ requirement is met with formula feeding if infant receives at least one quart of standard infant formula daily
D
386
Formula fed infants only need ________ (0.25 mg / day) as a supplement, after 6 months of age, if water supply is inadequate (less than 0.3 ppm)
fluoride
387
Unmodified ____ ____ in formula is inappropriate; tough hard curd; hard to digest; less EFA; increased renal solute load
cows milk
388
Dried whey has __% lactose. Casein hydrolysate does not have lactose
73
389
____ fortified formula is recommended for all infants on formula
Iron
390
__________________ unconjugated _________ levels are elevated within first week of life as a result of increased breakdown of red blood cells, or decreased intestinal mobility. Encourage 9 - 12 feedings per day of human milk or formula to promote hydration and intestinal motility
Hyperbilirubinemia, bilirubin
391
Fetal ____ stores decrease at 3 - 4 months, need additional ____ preferably from formula or supplemental foods (cereal starting at 4 - 6 months)
iron, iron
392
______ can be added to diet at 4 - 6 months of life, when sitting posture can be sustained and extrusion reflex diminishes; begin with iron fortified cereal, then strained vegetables or fruit
Solids
393
Large finger foods such as teething biscuit can be added at _ - _ months of age. (Foods that can be secured with a palmar grasp)
6 - 8
394
Small finger foods can be added at _ - __ months of age (dry cereals) pincer grasp (thumb and forefinger develops)
9 - 12
395
No _____ ____ milk during first year of life
whole cow's
396
___ ___ and ___ - ___ milk are inappropriate during the first two years of life
low fat, non fat
397
For those who cannot tolerate ___ milk or ___ products, use formulas made from a ______ ___________ (Pregestimil)
cow's, soy, casein hydrolysate
398
One serving of vitamin _ rich foods by around _ months to enhance iron absorption from non heme sources
C, 6
399
Growth rate slows from age _-_ (food serving sizes 2 - 4 ounces); from age _-_ growth in spurts; from age _-_ growth slows
1-3, 4-6, 7-10
400
Protein needs age 1-3 __g, age 4-8 __g, from age 9-13 __g
13, 19, 34
401
____ needs are the same for boys and girls up through age 10
Iron
402
Limit fruit juice to _ ounces each day up to age 6
4
403
Children should undergo __ minutes of physical activity per day
60
404
Final growth spurt is in __________; most dietary deficiencies
adolescence
405
Protein requirements age 14 - 18: Males = __ g Females = __ g
52, 46
406
Calcium for males and females ages 9 - 13: ____ mg (adequate intake)
1300
407
___ growth charts used from birth to 2 years of age; ___ growth charts from 2 to 20 years of age
WHO, CDC
408
______ for ______ / stature (birth - 24 months, young children 2 - 5) identifies under/over nutrition, or within normal limits; detects short term changes in nutritional status; used to distinguish between stunting and wasting
Weight for length
409
Less than __th percentile on the WHO and CDC growth charts reflects acute illness or wasting; greater than __th percentile reflects overnutrition
5, 95
410
_______ / length for age (0 - 24 month recumbent length, 2 - 20 years height) defines shortness/tallness, reflects long term nutritional stress or chronic illness, less than 5th percentile is short _______
Stature, stature
411
______ for ___ (birth - 24 month and 2 - 20 years); not used to classify under/overweight; short term marker of growth; affected by acute nutritional stress or illness; cannot distinguish between stunting and wasting because it does not include height; further evaluation needed if below 5th or above 95th percentile
weight for age
412
___ for age percentiles starting at age 2 years: Underweight less than 5th percentile; healthy weight 5th to 84th; overweight 85th to 94th; obese greater than or equal to 95th percentile or ___ greater than or equal to 30
BMI, BMI
413
____ _____________ measured until 3 years of age
Head circumference
414
______ length is measured until age two
supine
415
______ usually does not deviate by more than 25 percentile points from he established growth pattern
Growth
416
One of the major reasons for large discrepancies in ______ patterns is human error in measurement
growth
417
Newborn initial __% loss of birth weight should be regained by 10 - 14 days
6
418
By month __ or __ birth weight should be doubled; by year __ birth weight should triple and length should increase 50%
4, 5, 1
419
By __ years birth weight should be quadrupled and length should be 75% greater
2
420
Normal gestation period is approximately __ weeks
40
421
An infant born at __ weeks is __ weeks premature
28, 12
422
__ months chronologic age - __ months correction factor = __ month adjusted age
4, 3, 1
423
Growth charts from the American Academy of Pediatrics to assess children with ____ ________ should no longer be used.
Down Syndrome
424
_____ charts for other special needs children are based on relatively _____ populations, and should be used in conjunction with CDC or WHO charts.
Growth, small
425
_______ to ______ (FTT) may result from acute r chronic illness, restricted diet, poor appetite, lack of fiber leading to chronic constipation, diminished intake.
Failure to Thrive
426
____ poisoning symptoms: irritability, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia
Lead
427
________ activity determines needs in adulthood
Physical
428
Adult RDA for protein (greater than 19 years of age): __ g for males and __g for females
56, 46
429
Macronutrient recommendations for adults: __ - __% CHO, __ - __% fat, __ - __% protein
45 - 65, 20 - 35, 10 - 35
430
AI for total fiber for adults under 50: men = __ women = __
38, 25
431
Adult recommended fluid intake: __ mL / kg or _ mL / calorie ingested
35, 1
432
Adult AI fluid intake: Men = ___ L / day Female = ___ L / day
3.7, 2.7
433
Sodium AI for adult (19-50): ___ g / day (3.8 g NaCl)
1.5
434
AI alpha linoleic acid: Male = ___ g Female = ___ g
1.6, 1.1
435
AI linoleic acid: Male = __ g Female = __ g
17, 12
436
Young old population = __ - __
65 - 74
437
Aged population = __ - __
75 - 84
438
Oldest and up population = __ and up
85
439
______ needs decrease after age 65, _______ needs remain the same
Calorie, Protein
440
_______ and ____ needs increase after 65 due to decreased absorption due to decreased HCL
Calcium, Iron
441
____________ among the elderly due to lowered gastric motility and lower HCL secretion in stomach
Constipation
442
Fluid needs over 65: __ - __ mL/kg
25 - 30
443
Supplement ______ rich foods among the elderly, supplements of B6 and B12 may be needed
Folate
444
Athletes need water during physical activity: __ oz. for every _ lb of body weight lost
16, 1
445
Before intense physical activity, limited research suggests __ mL / kg of a high sodium containing beverage (around 164 mEqNa / L) priot to activity that is _ - _ hours long, may enhance maintenance of body core temperature in moderate to highly trained males 23 - 46
10, 1 - 4
446
During continuous endurance physical activity of _ - _ hours in adults: To maintain hydration, beverages provided in a volume that equals ___% fluid lost during moderate - vigorous activity, pluss ___ - __% CHO and __ - ___ mEq Na.
1 - 4, 100, 5.5 - 15, 55 - 164
447
To restore hydration in adults 19 years and older after continuous endurance physical activity _ - _ hours in duration: Rehydration beverages provided in a volume that equals ___ - ___% of fluid lost during exercise and contain _ - ___% CHO and ____ - ____ mg / dL sodium are more effective in improving hydration and endurance capacity than non CHO electrolyte solution
1 - 2, 100 - 150%, 6 - 7.6%, 57.5 - 1150
448
Carbohydrate loading: Stores _ - _ times normal amount of muscle glycogen. Adverse effect include weakness, bloating, dizziness, soreness
2 - 3
449
At rest and during normal activities fats are the primary energy source __ - __%; CHO _-__%; Protein _-_%
80 - 90, 5 - 18, 2 - 5
450
During low to moderate intensity aerobic activity (long duration, steady pace, endurance training), ___ is a significant energy source
Fat
451
When exercise goes above __ - __ of maximal oxygen uptake, CHO is needed as fuel source
60 - 65
452
During prolonged exercise reliance on CHO to provide ________ for continued lipid oxidation
Pyruvate
453
Muscle glycogen is depleted in _ - _ hour of continuous exercise at __ - __%
2 - 3, 60 - 80
454
_______ supplements do not enhance endurance (not helpful for marathon runner, soccer player)
Creatine
455
Herbals, botanicals, and supplements are regulated by the _______ __________ ______ and _________ Act (DSHEA) of 1994
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
456
The _ _ _ _ _ clarifies marketing regulations for botanicals and reclassifies them as dietary supplements; plant extracts, enzymes, vitamins, minerals, hormonal products available without prescriptions, may carry 'structure function' claims; the physiological effect can be noted, but no claims about prevention or cure of specific conditions can be made
DSHEA
457
_____ ______ supplement eases menopause symptoms; may cause clotting
Black Cohosh
458
_________ supplement
| prevent and moderate cold symptoms; avoid taking for more than 2 months
Echinacea
459
_______ supplement
| promotes weight loss; rapid heart rate, headaches, very likely hazardous
Ephedra
460
______ supplement may lower cholesterol and blood pressure; reduces clotting time, avoid use with warfarin
Garlic
461
______ supplement treats antiemetic; avoid use with drugs that effect bleeding
Ginger
462
______ ______ supplement treats vasodilation; avoid use with warfarin
Ginkgo Biloba
463
_______ supplement treats immunity, endurance; high blood pressure, avoid with warfarin
Ginseng
464
____ supplement relieve anxiety; liver failure, very likely hazardous
Kava
465
____ _______ supplement may help protect liver
Milk Thistle
466
__ _____ ____ supplement treats anti depressive, serotonin - enhancing; reduces effect of warfarin, avoid with antihypertensives, oral contraceptives, some statins
St. John's Wort
467
_______ ____ supplement treats ulcers; avoid combinations with spironolactone, thiazide and loop diuretics, hypertensives
Licorice Root
468
___ _______ supplement relieve symptoms of enlarged prostate; diuretic
Saw Palmetto
469
________ ____ supplement calms nerves; avoid with liver disease
Valerian Root
470
_______ supplement treats erectile dysfunction; elevates blood pressure
Yohimbe
471
Food in oral cavity is chewed and mixed with saliva secreted by glands in the mouth (_______, ____________, __________)
Parotid, submaxillary, sublingual
472
Food passes into the stomach via the esophagus through the _______ valve into the ______, the upper portion of the stomach that holds the bulk of the food to be digested. Most digestion in the stomach occurs in the pyloric (lower) region
cardiac, fundus
473
Food is forced into the small intestine through the _______ valve of the stomach. Complete digestion and absorption of food takes place in the small intestine (________, _______, _____)
pyloric, duodenum, jejunum, ileum
474
The _______ duct from the liver joins with the _____ duct from the gall bladder
hepatic, cystic
475
____, produced in the liver is stored in the ___________. The liver stores ________ and synthesizes _______
Bile, gallbladder, glycogen, glucose
476
The ________ lies between the duodenum and the stomach
pancreas
477
Undigested food and water pass through the _________ valve into the large intestine or colon
ileocecal
478
Chemical or enzymatic activity mainly occur in the _____ intestine.
small
479
___________ starts in the stomach with protease pepsin and HCL; limited continuation of ______ hydrolysis by salivary amylase
Proteolysis, starch
480
The hormone _______ stimulates gastric secretions and motility
gastrin
481
The hormone _______________ (CCK) released from the duodenum when fat enters contracts the gallbladder releasing bile and stimulating the pancreas
cholecystokinin
482
The hormone _________ (duodenum) stimulates flow of pancreatic juice (bicarbonate) and water into the duodenum, inhibits gastric acid secretion
secretin
483
The hormone ________ - ____ _______ _ (GLP - 1) and the hormone _______ - _________ ______________ ___________ (GIP) are released from the intestines in the presence of glucose and fat, stimulates insulin synthesis and release
Glucagon - like Peptide 1, Glucose - Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide
484
___________ produces a bolus (mass of food)
Mastication
485
Rhythmic contractions of the esophagus force food into the ______ where it is mixed with gastric juice and reduced to _____ (acid)
stomach, chyme
486
_______ emptying of a meal usually takes between two and six hours
Gastric
487
CHO rich and protein rich foods empty at about the same rate from the stomach. High ___ foods and _______ CHO, especially _______ fibers slow gastric emptying
fat, complex, complex
488
Acidic _____ enters the duodenum and mixes with fluids and bicarbonate ions from the pancreas which neutralize the acid
chyme
489
Most digestion is completed by the ______ of the jejunum; nutrients absorbed include amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, simple sugars, minerals, and vitamins
middle
490
___________ is the rhythmic movements of the small intestine
Peristalsis
491
Bacterial digestion occurs in the _____
colon
492
The ____ intestine absorbs water, salts, and the vitamins synthesized by bacteria (vitamin K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin) which are used by GI mucosal cells
large
493
_______ _______ is the anaerobic fermentation and absorption of end products of CHO, fiber, and amino acid breakdown
Colonic salvage
494
Bacterial digestion also converts malabsorbed CHO and fiber into _____ ______ ____ _____ and_______ gas.
Short chain fatty acids, methane
495
The mouth begins the ________ digestion of CHO and the __________ digestion of fat and protein
chemical, mechanical
496
The stomach continues ________ digestion of CHO started in the mouth, __________ digests fat, and __________ digests fat through proteolysis using pepsin
chemical, mechanical, chemical
497
The small intestine continues ________ digestion of CHO through pancreatic amylase, intestinal sucrase, maltase, and lactase
chemical
498
____ _____ from the gallbladder emulsify fat
Bile salts
499
______ from the pancreas converts triglycerides to FFA and glycerol
lipase
500
__________ _______ from the pancreas converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters
Cholesterol esterase
501
___________ from the pancreas converts phospholipids to lysolechithin and FFA
Phospohlipase
502
_______ from the pancreas converts protein, proteose, and peptone to polypeptides
trypsin
503
____________ from the pancreas converts proteose and peptone to poly and di peptides
chymotrypsin
504
________________ from the pancreas converts polypeptides to dipeptides and amino acids
carboxypeptidase
505
______________ from the intestines converts polypeptides to peptides and amino acids
aminopeptidase
506
__________ from the intestines converts dipeptides to amino acids
dipeptidase
507
______ sugars are absorbed in the small intestine, go to the liver, and are then converted to glucose or glycogen
simple
508
______ is a product of intermediate metabolism resulting from the reconversion of lactic acid and pyruvic acid
glucose
509
__% of protein can be converted to glucose; glucogenic amino acids (yield glucose following deamination)
58
510
_______ is the most glucogenic amino acid and is catabolized to pyruvate or to Kreb's Cycle intermediates
Alanine
511
__% of fat can be converted into glucose
10
512
Fatty acids and muscle glycogen do not contribute to the body's supply of _______
glucose
513
_______ is used by the body for energy
glucose
514
_____________ is the process where glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver
Glycogenesis
515
__________ is the process by which glycogen is converted into adipose tissue
lipogenesis
516
A small amount of glucose is converted into other CHO compounds such as ______, which is needed to form RNA and DNA
ribose
517
_______ is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and increased cell permeability to glucose; fosters glycogenesis, and lipogenesis
Insulin
518
________ is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas and induces glycogenolysis (converts glycogen back to glucose
glucagon
519
_______________ are hormones that convert protein to glucose
Glucocorticoids
520
____________ is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, stimulates liver and muscle glycogenolysis (glycogen into glucose) decreases the release of insulin from the pancreas (during catabolic stress; blood glucose rises)
Epinephrine
521
_____ hormone and ____ (adrenocorticotropic) are insulin antagonists
Growth, ACTH
522
__________ occurs in the cytoplasm. Its purpose is to produce pyruvate for the Kreb's cycle by breaking down glucose, with or without oxygen, into pyruvate later
glycoysis
523
In _______ glycolysis, the end product is pyruvate
aerobic
524
In _________ glycolysis the end product is lactate
anaerobic
525
_______ enters the cell aided by insulin; combines with __________ in the presence of magnesium to form glucose 6 phosphate; proceeds to pyruvic acid
glucose, phosphorus
526
_______ - _ - _________ may lead to the synthesis of glucogen
Glucose 6 Phosphate
527
Liver ________ releases glucose to the blood to maintain normal blood glucose levels; process requires _______ - _ - ___________. Muscles do NOT have this enzyme (muscle glycogen is only used by that muscle)
glycogen, glucose 6 phosphate,
528
_______ - _ - _________ also proceeds through the pentose shunt (side channeling of glucose); does not require ATP; ribose (part of RNA) is produced; NADPH is also produced which is essential for the synthesis of fatty acids (NADPH has niacin)
Glucose 6 phosphate
529
_______ acid can form ______ acid used for muscle contraction when energy needs exceed supply of oxygen (oxygen debt)
Pyruvic, lactic
530
In the ____ cycle lactate is released from tissue, transported to the liver, and converted back to pyruvate
Cori
531
Most of _______ acid is converted to form acetyl CoA (active acetate)
pyruvic
532
________ is the main substrate for energy production in the Kreb's Cycle
Pyruvate
533
______ ___ comes from pyruvic acid CHO, oxidation of fatty acids, and degradation of carbon skeleton of certain amino acids.
Acetyl CoA
534
______ ___ is the intermediate breakdown product of CHO, protein, and fat
Acetyl CoA
535
The _____ _____ produces 90% of the body's energy as ATP.
Kreb's Cycle
536
CHO is the fuel source needed to keep the _____ cycle going
Krebs
537
Oxaloacetic acid is the main ___ fuel in the Kreb's cycle and is used to form pyruvic acid and some amino acids
CHO
538
If there is not enough ___________ acid to fuel the Kreb's cycle, acetyl CoA coming in from fat cannot be handled properly and is diverted to form ketone bodies
oxaloacetic
539
_____ ____________ acid needs thiamin for decarboxylation
Alpha ketoglutaric
540
Full oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose yields __ ATP
38
