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Domestication and selection for production traits Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is domestication?

A
  • the process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and to the captive environment by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations and environmentally induced developmental events recurring during each generation
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2
Q

What does domestication not assume about genes and the environment?

A
  • does not assume that the genes and the environment operate independently
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3
Q

What does the domestication principle assume about the captive environment?

A
  • assumes that the captive environment is different from the wild ancestral environment
  • and that these differences are consistent over generations = allowing evolutionary forces to change the gene pool
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4
Q

How can humans accelerate changes in phenotype (that might not occur in nature)?

A
  • by artificial selection or gene transfer
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5
Q

What was Belyaev’s fox experiment selection objective?

A
  • tame response to humans in a series if handling tests
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6
Q

What concept of selection did Belyaev use?

A
  • concept of destabilizing/disruptive selection
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7
Q

What were the correlated responses to selection for tame foxes?

A
  • earlier opening of eyes and response to sound
  • later fear response
  • delayed rise in cortisol production
  • white coat marks (8 generation)
  • floppy ears, shorter wider muzzle
  • earlier sexual maturity, larger litter, some out of season breeding
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8
Q

What common changes have we seen in domestic species?

A
  • reduced brain size
  • increased reproduction/ out of season
  • decreased fearfulness of humans
  • increased social motivation
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9
Q

What would help reduce stress in domesticated species?

A
  • selection for reduction in defensive behaviour
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10
Q

What has an adaption to a safe environment caused for domestic species?

A
  • little opportunity for perceptual and locomotory stimulation
  • frequent invasion of personal space with little opportunity to escape from dominant individuals
  • frequent association with humans
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11
Q

What is the most important consequence of domestication?

A
  • reduced emotional reactivity to fear-evoking stimuli or environmental change
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12
Q

Less reactive animals can be handled with greater ease and what does this tend to lead to?

A
  • reduced levels of stress in captivity
  • higher levels of growth and reproductive performance
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13
Q

Genetic selection with species could affect welfare (especially in enhanced productivity animals) through the development of what?

A
  • development of physical problems
  • health problems associated with enhanced production
  • modification of behaviour/threshold to stress
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14
Q

What physical issues can be seen as a result of genetic selection in cattle and poultry?

A
  • poultry = rapid growth and bone weakness
  • cattle = hypertrophy
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15
Q

Cattle with higher genetic merit for production often have lowered disease resistance - what issues can this cause?

A
  • mastitis
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16
Q

What welfare issues are arising from selection for productivity in broilers?

A
  • lameness
  • ascites
  • sudden death
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17
Q

What welfare issues are arising from selection for productivity in hens?

A
  • feather pecking
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18
Q

What welfare issues are arising from selection for productivity in dairy cattle?

A
  • reduced fertility and longevity
  • increased lameness, metabolic problems, mastitis
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19
Q

What welfare issues are arising from selection for productivity in pigs?

A
  • tail biting
  • sow appetite
  • fat reserves and fertility
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20
Q

How is temperament defined?

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A
  • as consistent individual differences in behaviour, particularly in reaction to fear of humans
21
Q

Temperament offers a comprehensive view of behaviour and emphasises what?

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A
  • emphasises the individuals reaction to environmental challenge and change
22
Q

Why should temperament be taken into account for both farm and zoo environments?

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A
  • farm = ability to cope with husbandry systems
  • zoo = ability to cope and reproduce in captivity
23
Q

Ewes with a calm temperament as more likely to show what at lambing?

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A
  • better maternal behaviour
  • less avoidance of humans at lambing time
  • quicker to return to lambs
  • more time grooming lambs after birth
  • more time at the birth site
  • vocalised more
  • lower lamb mortality
24
Q

What can genetic variation in performance be due to?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • to a mix of individual genetic effects and genetic effects of social integration
25
There are two views of the source of selectable genetic variation - what are these and what do they each look at?
- traditional model = direct effect of genes - social group model = direct effects + indirect genetic effects
26
There are two ways that group selection can be done - what are these?
- select the best group - kin/family selection
27
What would you select the best group (in group selection) to combine?
- individual performance - social/behavioural traits
28
How would kin/family selection work if you were to use chickens and laying performance?
- compare mean laying performance of cages of 9-12 birds - include a measure of longevity - selection and control lines
29
What is quantitative trait locus?
- selection of chromosome associated with a trait of interest
30
How can the chromosome associated with the trait if interest be identified?
- can be identified in animals by gene markers - may be a gene or genes - or genetic variant linked to a nearby gene
31
When selecting a chromosome associated with a trait of interest what should it have?
- have a measurable (observable) effect on a trait of interest
32
What effect do most genes have on a trait?
- most genes have small effects on a trait (few percentage)
33
How can changes in DNA sequence be measured?
- sequencing - PCR - SNP chip
34
What does SNP stand for?
- single nucleotide polymorphisms
35
What are VNTRs?
- variable number tandem repeat sequences
36
What are types of VNTR's?
- microsatellite - used in paternity tests - minisatellite = these typically have very little effect on performance
37
Describe the process of recombination?
- whilst chromosome pairs are aligned, the DNA strands can break and pas over each other, causing joining of a strand from one member of a pair to the other
38
What does recombination result in?
- results in transfer (usually in both directions- reciprocal) of a bit of one chromosome copy to another - this can carry genetic variants
39
What leads to an increased chance of a recombination event?
- the further apart the two regions are on the chromosome
40
What is a haplotype?
- genetic variants that occur on the same chromosome strand are called a haplotype
41
To detect if markers are linked what should be distinguish between?
- distinguish between maternal and paternal alleles of a genetic marker
42
Markers must be what in at least one of the two parents of the mapping population?
- polymorphic
43
What would you do to work out if the is independent assortment (no linkage)?
- count the number of offspring to different genotypes and comparing to the frequency of segregates assuming independent assortment (chi sqaure)
44
What would a recombination frequency between two markers of 50% indicate?
- independent assortment - no linkage
45
Once you have the recombination frequencies between each pair of genetic markers, you can work out what?
- which markers lie closest to each other (lowest recombination frequency) - do this for all markers
46
The distances of markers are not true physical base pair sizes but a measure of RF called what?
- centimorgans
47
We can map physical traits provided there is what?
- a genetic basis for them
48
physical traits have to be measurable quantitively what does this mean?
- there is measurable variation across a range
49
Due to these traits being able to be measured quantitively what does this mean the genetic map positions we obtain are called?
- called quantitative trait loci (QTL)

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