(Done) Organisation (Paper 1) Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Define tissue
A
- A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
2
Q
Define Organ
A
- A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function
3
Q
Define Organ system
A
- A group of organs working together to perform a specific function
4
Q
Examples of tissue
A
- Muscular tissue
- Glandular tissue
- Epithelial tissue
5
Q
Function of enzymes
A
- Speed up the useful chemical reactions within the body
6
Q
What are enzymes made of
A
- Chains of amino acids
7
Q
Name the thing enzymes bind to
A
- Substrates
8
Q
Name the area where things bind to the enzymes
A
- Active site
9
Q
Name the model of enzyme action
A
- Lock and key
10
Q
What conditions are required for optimal enzyme action
A
- Temperature
- pH
11
Q
List the digestive enzymes and what they break down
A
- Carbohydrase - Carbs
- Proteases - Protein
- Lipase - lipids
12
Q
What does bile do
A
- Makes the stomach acid more alkaline for optimum enzyme conditions
- Emulsifies fats - breaks them down into tiny droplets to increase surface area to make digestion faster
13
Q
What enzymes is produced in the salivary glands
A
- Amylase
14
Q
Where is bile produced
A
- Liver
15
Q
What two enzymes does the stomach produce
A
- Proteas
- Pepsin
16
Q
Where is bile stored
A
- Gall bladder
17
Q
What three enzymes does the pancreas produce
A
- Protease
- Lipase
- Amylase
18
Q
Where does the pancreas release the digestive enzymes it produces
A
- Small intestine
19
Q
Function of the small intestine
A
- Absorbs digested food out of the digestive system and into the bloodstream
20
Q
Function of the large intestine
A
- Absorbs excess water from the food
21
Q
How do you test for sugars in a food sample
A
- Add a few drops benedict’s solution and heat in a water bath at 75 degrees
- A change in colour from blue means sugar content
22
Q
How do you test for starch in a food sample
A
- Add a few drops of iodine and gently shake
- Change from browny-orange to blue/black means starch content
23
Q
How do you test for protein in a food sample
A
- Add an amount of biuret solution equal to the volume of the food sample and gently shake it
- Change from blue to purple means protein content
24
Q
How do you test for lipids in a food sample
A
- Add a few drops of Sudan III stain solution and gently shake
- Small red layer will form on the top if lipids are present
25
What is the thorax
- The upper part of your body
- Separated from your body via the diaphragm
26
What is between the lungs and the ribcage
- The pleural membranes
27
Where does air go when breathed in
- Through the trachea
- Into the bronchi and into the lungs
- Through progressively smaller bronchioles
- Into the alveoli
28
How does gas exchange happen within the lungs
- The alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries
- The alveoli have a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide
- The oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries
- The CO2 diffuses from the capillaries into the blood
-The excess oxygen and CO2 are breathed out
29
How does gas exchange happen within the body cells
- Oxygen diffuses from the blood cells (where there is a high concentration) to the body cells (where there is a low concentration
- Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction
30
What part of the hear pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- Right ventricle
31
What part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood around the body
- Left ventricle
32
Why does the heart have valves
- To stop the backflow of blood
33
Through what blood vessel does the blood enter the right atrium
- Vena cava (vein)
34
Through what blood vessel does the blood enter the left atrium
- Pulmonary vein
35
How is blood pumped around the body and lungs by the heart
- The atria contract pushing the blood into the ventricles
- The ventricles contract forcing the blood through the pulmonary artery and aorta and out of the heart
36
List the parts of the heart (8)
- Vena cava
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary vein
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
- Aorta
37
What is the name of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
- Coronary arteries
38
Where is the natural pacemaker in the heart
- Within the walls of the right atrium
39
How does the pacemaker cause the heart to contract
- The cells produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle cell causing them to contract
40
Functions of each blood vessel
- Arteries - blood away from the heart
- Capillaries - involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
- Veins - Carry blood to the heart
41
Features of the arteries (3)
- Strong and elastic walls to withstand high pressure blood from the heart
- Thick walls
- Thick layers of muscle to be elastic
42
Features of capillaries (3)
- Permeable walls so substances can diffuse through
- Supply food and oxygen and remove CO2
- One cell think wall to decrease diffusion distance
43
Features of veins
- Thinner walls as the blood is not as high pressure
- Large lumen to help blood flow despite less pressure
- Valves to prevent backflow of blood
44
What is the inside of blood vessels called
- Lumen
45
What things make up the blood
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
- Blood plasma
46
Features of red blood cells
- Biconcave disk to increase surface area for absorbing oxygen
- No nucleus to increase the amount of oxygen it can absorb
47
Features of white blood cells
- Have a nucleus
- Fight off foreign cells
48
Features of platelets
- Small fragments of cells
- Have no nucleus
- Help blood to clot
49
Features of blood plasma and what does it carry (7)
- Pale straw-colored liquid
Carries
- All types of blood cells
- Nutrients like glucose and amino acids
- Carbon dioxide
- Urea
- Hormones
- Proteins
- Antibodies and antitoxins
50
Define coronary heart disease
- Blood flow in the coronary artery is blocked by layers of fatty material building up
51
What side effect from fatty build up in the coronary artery causes heart attacks
- Lack of oxygen to the heart
52
advantages of stents
- Long lifespan
- Recovery from surgery is relatively quick
53
Disadvantages of stents
- Complications from surgery such as infection
- Blood clotting at the stent (thrombosis)
53
What is cholesterol
- An essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly
54
What type of cholesterol can cause problems in excessive amounts
- LDL cholesterol
55
What do statins do
- Reduce the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood, slowing down or preventing the build up of fatty deposits
56
Advantages of statins (3)
- Reduced risk of heart attack stroke and coronary heart disease
- Increases the amount of 'good' or HDL cholesterol
- Some studies also suggest that statins may also help prevent other diseases
57
Disadvantages of statins
- Long-term drug that must be taken regularly, risk that someone might forget them
- Negative side effects, headaches to kidney failure
- Effect isn't instant
58
Function of the phloem
- Transport food substances (mainly sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use, this travels in both directions and is called translocation
59
Function of the xylem
- Carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves
60
What is the transpiration system
- Water moving from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves
61
Features of the phloem
- Made of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow sap through
62
Features of the xylem
- Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle
- Strengthened with lignin
63
Define transpiration
- The loss of water vapor from plant leaves through stomata
64
What causes transpiration
- The evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant's surface mainly at the leaves
- Evaporation causes a slight shortage of water in the leaf, so more is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessel to replace it
- This means more water is drawn up through the roots so there is a constant transpiration stream through the plant
65
Why does transpiration happen
- A side-effect of the way leaves are adapted for photosynthesis
- Leaves require stomata so that gasses can be exchanged easily
- More water inside the plant than outside causes the water vapor to escape the leaves via diffusion
66
Factors that affect transpiration rate
- Light intensity
- Temperature
- Air flow
- Humidity
67
Why does light intensity affect transpiration rate
- The stomata close as it gets darker as CO2 cannot be taken in and converted into oxygen via photosynthesis when it is dark
68
Why does temperature affect transpiration rate
- When it is warm, the particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata
69
Why does air flow affect transpiration rate
- If there is poor airflow around the leaf, water vapor just surrounds the leaf instead of moving away
- This decreases the concentration gradient
70
Why does humidity affect transpiration rate
- Presence of water vapor around the leaf decreases the concentration gradient
71
How can you estimate the transpiration rate of a plant
- By measuring the uptake of water by the plant
72
Why can you estimate the transpiration rate of a plant
- You can assume that water uptake by the plant is directly related to water loss by the leaves
73
Define epidermal tissue
- A single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants
- Covered by a waxy cuticle to reduce transpiration
74
Define palisade mesophyll
- A layer of elongated, tightly packed cells located beneath the upper epidermis of a leaf, containing numerous chloroplasts
75
Define spongy mesophyll
- A loosely packed tissue layer in a leaf, located below the palisade mesophyll, characterized by large air spaces that facilitate gas exchange
76
Define meristem tissue
- Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell allowing the plant to grow
