Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fourth Year > Dopey Daisy Test > Flashcards

Dopey Daisy Test Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Calf mortality rates by age

A

Perinatal (<48h) = 5-10%

Pre-weaning = 5-10%

Post weaning = 1-2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

6 species causing diarrhoea

A
  1. Rotavirus
  2. E coli (Enterotoxigenic and EPEC)
  3. Coronavirus
  4. Cryptosporidium
  5. Salmonella (mostly dublin)
  6. Coccidia (eimeria spp)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common agents causing diarrhoea in early days

A

Rotavirus
E. Coli (k99 enterotoxigenic)

Crypto starts slightly later

Others bubble away in the background thorughout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ETEC age affecting, incubation period

A

1-3d of age
Incubation 12-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ETEC pathophysiology

A

Produces k99 adhesion antigen and heat stable enterotoxin
Colonisation in lower GIT causing disruption to K+, HCO3- and Cl- ion secretion (low bicarb and chloride ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ETEC diarrhoea type

A

Secretory diarrhoea - watery
Absorption also impaired

It colonises the lower GIT - impact Cl- and bicarb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

EPEC age

A

about 12 days old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EPEC pathophysiology - where does it colonise?

A

Adhere to enterocytes and efface microvilli

No cytotoxins

Colonisation causes villous atrophy and Cl- ion is disrupted

Typically in caecum, colon and distal SI

May get haemorrhage with this type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EPEC type of diarrhoea

A

Malabsorption and secretory diarrhoea
Can get haemorrhagic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rotavirus age, incubation period and clinical period

A

3-14d old
12-24h incubation
5-7d clinical period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rotavirus pathophysiology and type of diarrhoea

A

Replicates in enterocytes, destroys cells, villous atrophy

Disrupts brush border that contains lactase = maldigestion

Malabsorptive diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coronavirus age, incubation period and clinical period

A

4-14d old
12-24h incubation
5-10d clinical period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Coronavirus pathophys and what it causes in young and adult animals

A

Destroys cells of small AND large intestine

Replicates in enterocytes and causes villous atrophy and damages crypts

Respiratory disease in 2-6month old calves and winter dysentery haemorragic diarrhoea in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Coronavirus diarrhoea type

A

Malabsorptive (damages crypts and causes villous atrophy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cryptosporidium age and route of transmission, clinical period

A

5-18d
Faeco oral
2-3d clinical period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cryptosporidium pathophysiology

A

colonosises SI, Destroys enterocytes, villous atrophy
sheds 40 billion oocysts over 6-9d

Oocysts survive for a month in envrionment

ZOONOSIS

5-18d, malabsorptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Crypto diarrhoea type

A

Malabsorptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Salmonella types

A

Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (main one)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Salmonella age, route

A

10d-3 months but can be any age
Faeco oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Salmonella diarrhoea

A

Haemorrhagic and malabsorptive diarrhoea
Can also be asymptomatic or watery mucoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Salmonella pathophysiology

A

Invades intestinal mucosa and lymphoid tissue leading to systemic spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Coccidia age, route, incubation period, clinical period

A

3w-6m age
Faeco-oral
Incubation 5-20d
Clinical period 5-14d (can also be subclinical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Coccidia (eimeria spp) pathophysiology

A

Always associated with poor hygiene and contaminated water
E.bovis and E.zuernii schizonts reproduce in lower SI
Second gen shizonts and gamonts then produced in caecum and colon
Attack crypt cells, local and extensive lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can coccidia cause?

A

Tenesmus and haematochezia
Decreased growth rates in subclinical disesase
Clinical disease can be chronic or acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
3 environmental stressors
Poor housing Poor hygiene Mixed age groups -> stick to batching to avoid this transfer from older animals to younger ones
26
Describe secretory diarrhoea
Enterotoxins -> cAMP in cells -> open Cl gates and secrete H2O from crypts Cant use Na-H exchanger to absorb Na+ Lose Cl- and HCO3
27
Describe malabsorptive diarrhoea
Loss of epithelium and absorptive area, villous atrophy, crypt damage Absorption of NA and H2O can still occur if coupled with glucose or amino acids NaCl pumps and Na-H exchanger dont work = lose water
28
Clinical signs of dehydration + hypovolaemia
Increased HR, CRT, PCV, creatinine, blood L-lactate, skin tent Hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia Hypoglycaemia decreased urine output, cold extremities
29
Causes of metabolic acidosis in calves with diarrhoea
Loss of bicarbonate Accumulation of organic acids - D-lactic acid (bacterial fermentation of ingested milk) and L-lactic acid D-lactic acid is absorbed from rumen or intestine and can accumulate, slowly metabolised and excereted (bacteria can stop the metabolism of it into safe compounds and add to build up)
30
How can we assess dehydration?
Enophthalmos Skin elasticity on neck Plasma protein concentration
31
Signs of 5-7% dehydration
Mild depressed, slightly high CRT, slight high HR, increased blood lactate, concentrated urine
32
Signs of 10% dehydration
Depression, cold extremeties, dry MMs, CRT>3s, heart rate >50% above normal, increased lactate, small volume of very concentrated urine
33
Signs of 12-15% dehydration
Depression, cold extrems, dry MM, CRT >4s, HR >100% above reference, increased lactate, creatinine and unlikely to produce urine
34
What causes loss of suck reflex?
Dehydration and metabolic acidosis
35
What causes reduced palpebral reflex?
D-lactic acidosis
36
What causes weakness?
D-lactic acidosis Hyperkalaemia affecting cardiac output
37
Recognition of sepsis (any two of)
1. Core temp abnormal 2. Heart rate abnormal 3. Tachypnoea 4. Leucocyte count abnormal
38
3 signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation
Infarctions Ischaemia Haemorrhage
39
When is neonatal sepsis and what are common causes?
2-6d (less than 2 weeks old) Infected umbilicus, septic arthritis, GIT abnormality, pneumonia
40
Clinical signs of neonatal sepsis
Lack of suck reflex Fever, hypothermia Tachypnoea, tachycardia Hyperaemia of MMs Diarrhoea Poor cardiac output
41
Signs of neonatal bacterial suppurative meningitis
As a complication of bacterial sepsis: Loss of suck, fever Extension of neck, tonic and thrashing Hyperaesthesia Opisthotonus (abnormal posture due to spasmic contraction) Comatose Seizures
42
Lab tests for diarrhoea
Haematology Biochemistry Blood gas analysis Faecal sample
43
Goals of treatment
1. Correct dehydration and hypovolaemia 2. Correct electrolytes and acid base balance 3. provide nutritional support 4. Eliminate bacteraemia and toxaemia
44
When are oral fluids warranted and how much is given?
<8% dehydration with suck reflex and at least sternal recumbancy 5% body weight per feed
45
When are IV fluids warranted?
>8% dehydrated Severely obtunded No suck reflex Anorexia >24h Hypothermia <37.5
46
Why is it bad to alkalise the abomasum in neonates?
Defence mechanism to colonisation of pathogens is pH of the stomach It is not acidified in the first few hours of life though to facilitate immunoglobulin absorption -> ETEC colonisation can occur easily
46
What fluids provide rehydration and alkalinsation?
Isotonic sodium bicarbonate - no commercial available solution
47
What is lactated ringers not recomended for?
Animals with acidaemia
48
What % is isotonic fluids?
0.9 slightly acidifying
49
What % is hypertonic saline? What rate is it given?
7.2% 5ml/kg in 5 mins Oral fluids must be provided and diarrhoetic calves need alkalinising agents as well
50
Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate (8.4%) use and administration rate, when should it not be used
rapid alkalinisation No faster than 1ml/kg/min Can be used with oral fluids or as bolus prior to spiking isotonic solution Do not use in calves with respiratory distress
51
What is the focus for younger vs older calves?
Younger = fluids Older = more severe D-lactic acidosis so need NaHCO3
52
Bicarbonate requirement
BW(kg) x BE x 0.6 1ml of 8.4% NaHCO3 = 1 mmol of NaHCO3
53
Can D-lactic acidosis be present without diarrhoea?
yes and thus without dehydration Floppy kid syndrome or drunken lamb disease
54
What can we do as well as oral rehydration therapy?
Give milk -> improved intestinal morphology compared to ORT alone More energy dense than ORT solutions and contains growth factors for repair
55
When are oral antimicrobials contra-indicated?
Viruses Protozoa - crypto, coccidia ETEC
56
When to use antimicrobials
severe systemic illnes
57
What antimicrobials to use
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins (ceftiofur) Coccidiosis -> suphadimidine
58
NSAIDs for use
Meloxicam, ketoprofen, flunixin meglumine decreased pain + GI inflammation, improved suckling and behaviour
59
What can be used for cryptosporidium?
Halofuginone
60
Fluid deficit calculation
BW x % dehydrated as decimal (eg 0.08 for 8%) = Litres
61
Maintenance fluid levels
50-100ml/kg/d 40kg calf = 40x70 = 2800ml = 2.8L/d
62
Diarrhoea fluid loss per day
1-4L (go with 4)
63
How to get fluid requirements for diarrhoea calf
Maintenance per day + fluid deficit + diarrhoea losses
64
How to determine base deficit
Calf less than 8 days -> Standing with suck (0), standing with no suck (5), sternal or lateral (10) More than 8 days -> standing with suck (5) standing with no suck (10), sternal (15), lateral recumbency (20)
65
How much fluid is safe to give per hour?
up to 2L
66
What electrolyte deficiency occurs in calves with diarrhoea?
Hyperkalaemia -> due to switching with H+ ions in acidosis and also lost in diarrhoea cardiac arrest potentially
67
What causes l-lactate buildup?
Hypovolaemia with diarrhoea -> tissue not perfused properly, cells go into shock and anaerobic respiration
68
What antiobiotic is not appropriate for young calves?
Oxytetracycline -> doesnt cross gut well, can cause teeth issues, Good for older cows and their resp issues High Vd
69
Aetiology of Bovine syncytial virus
RNA virus 3-5d incubation Aerosol >6month olds mostly Pneumonia
70
Bovine herpesvirus 1 aetiology and lesion location
Secondary bacterial pneumonia life threatening Enveloped DNA virus, aersol Many manifestations (abortion, pneumonia, mastitis) Lesions of MMs of upper resp tract
71
Parainfluenza 3 aetiology
RNA Mild-subclinical infections, maybe secondary pneumonia Cranioventral lung consolidation
72
BVDV aetiology
RNA Immunosuppressive Mucosal disease (cytopathic) fatal -> oral and nasal lesions Non-cytopathic -> PI calves no cellular damage
73
BVDV diagnosis
AGID test ELISA of blood
74
M. Haemolytica aetiology
Gram negative aerobe Commensal of nasopharynx - opportunistic Endo and exotoxins that kill leucocytes Septicaemia before bronchopneumonia, necrosis and thrombosis
75
Pasteurella multocida aetiology
Gram negative Commensal of nasopharynx capsule - resistant to phagocytosis BAL, TTW, culture, serology (Same as m. haemolytica)
76
NaCl fluid rate
80ml/kg/h or up to 2L per hour
77
List four organisms responsible for infectious pneumonia in calves up to one month of age. (Ensure they are spelt correctly, clearly, and written in scientific format.) (2 marks)
1. Mannheimia haemolytica 2. Pasturella Multocida 3. Histophilus somni 4. Mycoplasma bovis
78
For any one infectious pneumonia organism listed, briefly evaluate the epidemiology and aetiopathogensis of the disease it causes. (3 marks)
Mannhemia haemolytica is a gram negative aerobe that is a commensal of the nasopharynx. It produces endotoxin and exotoxin which kills leucocytes. It normally develops secondarily to infection with a respiratory virus (such as BRSV), as the cilia are no longer able to remove bacteria from the LRT, so it can opportunistically colonise. Fibrinous pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and pleuritis.
79
List four organisms that may be responsible for infectious diarrhoea in neonatal calves up to 14 days of age. (Ensure they are spelt correctly, clearly, and written in scientific format.) (2 marks)
Rotavirus Coronavirus Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin
80
For any one of the listed organisms, briefly describe the aetiopathogensis of the resulting diarrhoea. (3 marks)
Enterotoxigenic escherichia coli -> affects calves of 1-3d of age. Contains the k99 adhesion antigen allowing colonisation in the lower GIT causing secretory diarrhoea and heat stable enterotoxin. The toxin increases cAMP which opens chloride gates and results in secretion of water, as well as bicarb losses and prevents Na-H exchanger from functioning. K+ is also disrupted. It also causes some malabsoritcve diarrhoea due to brush border being disupted from inflammation. Impaired immunity through FPT is often the cause, as well as the abomasum being alkaline in the first few days of life. Incubation 12-24h
81
What is colostrum, as defined by the properties it has according to animal and veterinary scientists? (1 mark)
Colostrum is a special milk produced following parturition by the dam which contains IgG, IgM and IgA to confer some maternal immunity to the calf, as well as white blood cells, antimicrobial factors, nutrients, and growth factors. It must contain at least 50 g/L IgG, and be 21% total solids.
82
Colostrum requirements makeup
50 g/L IgG 21% total solids
83
What is the importance of colostrum to the bovine neonate, and why is this the case? Succinctly, how and why should a calf obtain colostrum?
Due to the placentation of the bovine, there is no transfer of immune factors from the mother to the calf during pregnancy. Therefore, all immunity is conferred during the first 12 hours of life through consumption of colostrum. A calf should have a total protein ≥55 mg/mL for adequate passive transfer. 10% to 12% of their body weight (BW) of colostrum at first feeding
84
Colostrum amount needed
10% to 12% of their body weight (BW) of colostrum at first feeding
85
Regarding (Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus) BVDV/Pestivirus, what is a ‘persistently infected’ or PI animal? Briefly explain how a PI animal arises, and its significance regarding the transmission of disease within a population of cattle. (5 marks)
A PI animal is an antibody negative, antigen positive beast. This occurs during pregnancy, if the dam is infected between 40 – 120 days. BVDV infects the calf, however, it is not able to mount an immune response and therefore is not immunocompetent. A PI sheds 1000x as much viral particle/mL of excretion than an acutely infected animal for life, and is the main source of infection of a herd of cattle. PI calves contain the non-cytopathic version of BVDV that can seroconvert to cytopathic
86
Briefly list and explain the use of two laboratory tests for BVDV in NSW. (4 marks)
In NSW - Agar gel immunodiffusion (tested on serum), which only detects antibody that is not from vaccination. It confers some temporal knowledge, 1 – 2 infection in the past 12 months, 3 = infection in the last 3 – 9 months. It cannot be used to identify a PI. PCR is used on serum and bulk tank milk and can be used to identify a PI.
87
IgG requirements for calf
100g in first 6 hours 100g in next 12 hours after that Should have 10mg/ml in serum IgG if successful

Fourth Year (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions